Download Being a Muslim in Europe: attitudes and experiences

Being a Muslim in Europe:
attitudes and experiences
Saffron Karlsen
with James Nazroo
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health
University College London
Introduction
• Impact of socioeconomic disadvantage and
racism among different ethnic groups
• Overlap between ethnic and religious affiliations
• Increase in religious discrimination since 9/11
“an anti-Muslim wind blowing across the
European continent”
(Modood 2003:100)
HSE1999 and EMPIRIC
HSE 1999
• economic status and occupation
• educational attainment
• social support
EMPIRIC
• social and economic difficulties
• discrimination and harassment
• religion, religosity and spiritual beliefs
• ethnic identity
Religious differences in sociodemographic indicators
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Female
Age 16-34
Hindu
Sikh
Muslim
Born in UK
Christian
None
Religion very impt
Religious differences in indicators of racism
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
British employers racist
Victim of violence
Hindu
Sikh
Muslim
Christian
None
Religious differences in health experience
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Self-assessed
fair/poor health
Hindu
Limiting illness
Sikh
Muslim
Christian
Depression
None
Religious differences in socioeconomic status
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Never worked
Hindu
Sikh
Problems paying bills
Muslim
Christian
None
Sociodemographic variation among Muslims
100
80
60
40
20
0
Female
Age 16-34
Bangladeshi
Born in UK
Indian
Pakistani
Religion very impt
Variations in racist victimisation among Muslims
25
20
15
10
5
0
British employers racist
Victim of violence
Bangladeshi
Indian
Pakistani
Variations in health experience among Muslims
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Self-assessed
fair/poor health
Limiting illness
Bangladeshi
Indian
Pakistani
Depression
Variations in social position among Muslims
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Never worked
Bangladeshi
Problems paying bills
Indian
Pakistani
To do:
• Other indicators in HSE and EMPIRIC
• Explore trends in sociodemographic,
socioeconomic and health circumstances using
ONS Longitudinal Study
Linked data 1% sample from British censuses since 1971
+ registration data (500000 cases)
• Muslims in Europe study with European Social
Survey
Muslims in Europe study: methods
London:
Follow-up to the EMPIRIC
141 Bangladeshi Muslims interviewed by telephone
Madrid:
Random sample of 205 Moroccan Muslims from a Council
list of Moroccan nationals
Berlin:
Random sample of 225 Turkish Muslims from list of Turkish
names from telephone directories
Muslims in Europe study: sample variations
Time of migration:
Turkish migration to Germany – late 1950s
Bangladeshi migration to Britain – early 1960s
Moroccan migration to Spain – 1980s
Size of communities
119,000 Turkish Muslims in Berlin
156,000 Bangladeshi Muslims in London
20,000 Moroccan Muslims in Madrid
Muslims in Europe: sample variations
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
No qualifications
London Bangladeshi
Citizenship
Berlin Turkish
Group experiences
discrimination
Madrid Moroccan
Feeling ‘at home’ in your country of residence
Odds ratios
Birthplace
Year of
migration
Madrid
0.08
0.16
Berlin
0.05
0.07
Age
1.03
1.01
Citizenship of country of residence
1.84
2.03
Group treated with less respect
1.22
1.10
Group experiences discrimination
0.71
0.61
Personal experience of discrimination
0.63
0.39
-
0.96
Not born in country of residence
0.37
-
No trust in the media
1.19
1.14
No trust in the police
1.23
1.31
No trust in the government
0.84
0.74
No trust in the EU
0.61
0.73
No trust in the US government
1.20
1.11
No trust in the UN
0.56
0.48
Country of residence: (London = 1)
Perceptions and experiences of racism: (None = 1)
Year of migration
Attitudes towards immigration in Britain, Germany
and Spain
(Martinez-Herrera & Moualhi 2004)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Share customs
Different religions
Spain
UK
Germany
Christian background
Muslims in Europe
Immigration experiences, citizenship, household characteristics,
education, religious and ethnic identity, social capital and networks,
political attitudes, discrimination, institutional trust, attitudes towards
immigration
European Social Survey
Social trust, political attitudes, social exclusion, religion, discrimination,
national and ethnic identity, immigration and asylum issues,
citizenship, social networks
Thanks to: ESRC, UCL and the ME team, especially
Berta Álvarez-Miranda, Joachim Bruess and Ken Kollman