Download Chapter 3 Socialization

Chapter 3
Socialization
Chapter Outline
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Why Is Socialization Important Around the Globe?
Social Psychological Theories of Human Development
Sociological Theories of Human Development
Agents of Socialization
Gender and Racial-Ethnic Socialization
Socialization Through the Life Course
Resocialization
Socialization in the Future
Why Socialization is Important
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Teaches us ways of thinking, talking and acting
that are necessary for social living.
Members of society must be socialized to
support the existing social structure.
Allows society to pass culture on to the next
generation.
Human Development
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Humans are a product of biology, society and
personal experiences.
Most human actions, except for reflexes, are
social in cause or consequence.
Individuals who are isolated as children never
fully develop emotionally or intellectually.
Freud’s Theory of Personality
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Human behavior and personality originate from
unconscious forces within individuals.
Human development occurs in three states that
reflect different levels of personality:
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Id
Ego
Superego
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive
Development
1.
Sensorimotor stage (birth to age 2) children understand the world through
sensory contact and immediate action.
2.
Preoperational stage (age 2 to 7) - children
begin to use words as symbols and form
mental images.
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive
Development
3.
Concrete operational stage ( age 7 to 11) children think in terms of tangible objects and
events.
4.
Formal operational stage (12 and up) adolescents begin to think about the future
and evaluate different courses of action.
Kohlberg’s
Stages of Moral Reasoning
1.
Preconventional level (ages 7 to 10)
Children’s perceptions are based on
punishment and obedience.
2.
Conventional level (10 through adulthood)
People are concerned with how they are
perceived by peers and how one conforms to
rules.
Kohlberg’s
Stages of Moral Reasoning
3.
Postconventional level (few adults reach
this stage)
People view morality in terms of individual
rights; “moral conduct” is judged by principles
based on human rights that transcend
government and laws.
Gilligan’s Stages of Female Moral
Development
Stage 1: A woman is motivated primarily by
selfish concerns.
Stage 2: She recognizes responsibility to others.
Stage 3: She makes a decision based on her
desire to do the greatest good for herself and
for others.
Cooley and the Looking-Glass Self
Self-concept derived from a 3 step process:
1. We imagine how our personality and
appearance will look to other people.
2. We imagine how other people judge the
appearance and personality that we think we
present.
3. We develop a self-concept.
Mead and Role-taking
The self is divided into the “I” and the “Me”:
 “I” represents the unique traits of each person.
 “Me” is composed of attitudes and demands of
others and the awareness of those demands.
 “I” develops first. “Me” is formed during three
stages of self development.
Mead’s Three Stages of
Self-Development
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Preparatory Stage (up to age 3)
Children prepare for role-taking by imitating
the people around them.
Play Stage (3 - 5)
Children begin to see themselves in relation
to others.
Mead’s Three Stages of
Self-Development
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Game Stage (early school years)
Children understand their social position and
the positions of those around them.
Children become concerned about the
demands and expectations of others.
Agents of Socialization
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Family
Peer Group
School
Mass Media
Schools:
Functionalist Perspective
Schools are responsible for:
1. Teaching students to be productive members
of society.
2. Transmitting culture.
3. Social control and personal development.
4. Selection, training, and placement of
individuals on different rungs in society.
Schools: Conflict Perspective
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Experiences in the school system depend on
social class, racial–ethnic background,
neighborhood, gender, and other factors.
Children learn to be neat, punctual, quiet, wait
their turn, and remain attentive to their work.
Schools do not socialize children for their own
well-being but for later roles in the work force.
Media As Socializing Agents
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Inform us about events.
Introduce us to a variety of people.
Provide an array of viewpoints on current
issues.
Make us aware of products that will
supposedly help us to be accepted.
Provide the opportunity to live through other
people’s experiences.