Download Part 3: Mass Society & Democracy

Warm-Up: Exploited Factory Workers
► During the Industrial
Revolution, many people
found work in the new factories that had
opened. Factory workers were often exploited,
forced to work long hours for little money.
Labor unions were the workers’ only voice –
their only bargaining tool with management.
► Why do you think labor unions were more
effective than individuals in dealing with
management and employers?
TAKS Warm-Up
- Steam Power
- Available labor supply
- Abundance of raw materials
►
Which of the following would be the best title
for this list?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Factors Leading to the French Revolution
Increased Agricultural Output
Factors Leading to the Industrial Revolution
Decreased Urban Population
Part 3: Mass Society & Democracy
2nd Industrial Revolution
► 1st IR: textiles, railroads, iron,
& coal
► 2nd IR: steel, chemicals,
electricity & petroleum
 New Products: lighter, smaller, &
faster
 Electricity provided light, heat
and motion
► Thomas Edison & Alexander
Graham Bell
► Internal Combustion Engine = new
source of power in transportation
 Car!
► Orville & Wilber Wright = 1st flight
Effects of
nd
2
Industrial Revolution
►Wages increased
►Price of goods is lowered because of
cheaper transportation
►Increased sales of manufactured goods
 Clocks, bicycles, electric lights, and typewriters
►World Economy
 Europeans received goods from S. America,
Africa, Australia, and Asia
Organizing the Working Class
►Marxism: oppressors vs. oppressed
►Karl Marx, appalled by working conditions,
published the Communist Manifesto
 2 classes: Proletariat (working class) vs. Bourgeoisie
(middle class)
 Struggle between two would lead to a revolution and
overthrow of the bourgeoisie
 Dictatorship would form and organize the means of
production
 Ultimate goal: creation of a classless society
1.
2.
4.
3.
5.
New Urban Society
► Population growth: by 1890, 60% of England’s
population lived in urban areas
 Why such rapid growth?:
►Lack of land and jobs drove people from the
countryside
►Jobs in factories, service trades and professions
were available in the city
► With growth, came improvements in urban living
conditions – better running water and proper
drainage systems
 “From the toilet to the river in half the time”
Social Structure
►The New Elite
 5% of population –
controlled 30-40% of the
wealth
 The most successful
during the IR combined
with the upper middle
class
 Leaders in government
and military (decisionmakers)
Henry Ford – Cars,
Assembly Line
Andrew Carnegie –
Mass Steel
Production
John D. Rockefeller –
Oil Refineries,
Gasoline
Social Structure
►The Middle Class
 Upper Middle Class: doctors, lawyers,
engineers, etc.
 Lower Middle Class: shopkeepers, traders, etc.
(providers of goods and services)
 White collar workers (between Lower middle
class and lower classes)
►Salespeople, secretaries, etc.
 Believed in hard work, going to church and a
“right way of doing things”
Working Class
►80% of European population
►Farm laborers, sharecroppers, etc.
►Unskilled day laborers and domestic
servants
►Improvements in life style:
 Rise in wages
 Decline in consumer costs
 10-hour workday and Saturday
afternoons off
Women in Society
► Attitude towards women = stay at home and take care
of the children
► Changes came when women were needed for low-wage
jobs (clerks, typists, etc.)
► Effects:
 Decline in # of children born to a family (also due to increased
use of birth control)
 Middle-class Family attitudes: “Ideal of togetherness”
 Daughters worked until they married
 Childhood ended at 9/10
 Higher paid positions lead to increased standard of living and
more women could stay at home
Women’s Rights Movement
►Feminism: movement for women’s rights
►Movement took hold in Britain
►New Rights
 1870: right to own property
 Access to universities
►Main struggle: Equal political rights,
specifically the right to vote – not gained
until after WWI
Universal Education
►Before 1870, education was only for the
elite and wealthier middle class
►After 1870, western governments set up
state-financed primary schools (Ages 6-12
were required to attend school)
 Why?: need for trained, skilled labor and…
giving more people the right to vote created a
need for a better educated voter
 Immediate result = increased literacy