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ADOLESCENCE:
Emotional And Social Development
Development of Identity
Hall
 Hall’s
Portrayal of “Storm and Stress”
 Characterized by inevitable turmoil,
maladjustment, tension, rebellion,
dependency conflicts, and exaggerated peergroup conformity
Sullivan
 Interpersonal Theory
of Development
 Preadolescence: need for intimate
relationship with same-sex playmate
 Early Adolescence: need for sexual
satisfaction, personal intimacy and personal
security
 Late Adolescence: satisfying sexual needs
and a sexually and personally intimate
relationship
Erikson
 The
“Crisis” of Adolescence
 Consists of the search for identity.
 Identity diffusion: lack of ability to commit
oneself to occupation or station in life
 Negative identity: debased self-image and
social role
 Deviant identity: Lifestyle at odds with the
values and expectations of society
Marcia
 Four
1.
2.
3.
4.
types of identity formation
Identity diffusion
Identity foreclosure
Identity moratorium
Identity achievement
Cultural Aspects
 Puberty
Rites: Initiation ceremonies that
socially symbolize the transition from
childhood to adulthood.
 Less obvious in Western countries
 Adolescence: Not Necessarily Stormy or
Stressful?
 Bandura: Only for 10% of adolescents
Carol Gilligan

Adolescent Girls and Self-Esteem
 Women’s model of self: collectivist,
ensembled or connected
 Men’s model of self: individualist,
independent or autonomous
 Girls begin to doubt the authority of their
own inner voices.
Mary Pipher

Identity Formation in Adolescent Girls
 Culture is destroying the identity and self
esteem of many adolescent girls.
Michael Gurian
 Identity
Formation in Boys
 Boys need a primary and extended family,
relationships with mentors and intense
support from school and community.
Peers and Family
Youth Culture
 The Adolescent
Peer Group
 Youth culture: standardized ways of
thinking, feeling and acting that are
characteristic of a large body of young
people.
Consciousness of oneness
 Sympathetic
identification in which group
members feel that their inner experiences
and emotional reactions are similar
Status
 Obtaining
high status in today’s adolescent
society
Ability to project an air of confidence in one’s
essential masculinity or femininity
Ability to deliver a smooth performance in a
variety of situations and settings.
Adolescents and Their Families
 Influence
in Different Realms of Behavior
Parents: finances, education and career plans
Peers: dress, personal adornment, dating,
drinking, music and entertainment
 Shift
in the Family Power Equation
 Adolescents and Their Mothers
Courtship, Love and Sexuality
Courtship, Love and Sexuality
 Three
images:
1. Public health/preventive medicine
perspective
2. Conservative moral view
3. Conservative economic approach
Differing Behavioral Patterns
 Higher
rates of sexual intercourse for
adolescents in single-parent families
 Less parental supervision
 Single parents date; sexual behavior as role
model for teens
 Divorced parents: more permissive
attitudes about sex
Courtship
 Changes
in dating behaviors
Love
 Some
societies do not believe in romantic
love.
 Some psychologists: romantic love a state
of physiological arousal that individuals
define as love.
 Leibowitz: love has a unique chemical
basis.
Sexual Attitudes and Behavior
 Development
of Sexual Behavior
 Adolescent Sexual Expression
Sexual Activity Rates
 Increased
through the 80’s, plateaued in the
early 90’s, declined through 1997
 Multiple Sex Partners
 Percentage decreased overall
Teenage Pregnancy
1
of every 10 teenaged girls becomes
pregnant.
 Mixed messages about contraception
 Why Do Teenagers Become Pregnant?
 Most teenagers seek contraceptive care one
year after first sexual activity.
Teenage Pregnancy
 The Young
Teen Mother
 Sex Education, “Safe Sex” and
Contraception
 Abortion
Sexual Orientation
 One
in four enter adolescence unsure of
their sexual orientation.
 By 18, most deem themselves heterosexual
or homosexual.
 Difficult adolescence for homosexuals
Career Development and
Vocational Choice
World of Work
 Preparing
for the World of Work
 Adolescents ill-prepared for making
vocational decisions
 Changing Employment Trends in the U.S.
 Young Americans without skills and often
those with them, cannot count on a decent
job.
Balancing School and Work
 20
or more hours a week: more stress
 Dropping out of High School
 Rate between 11 to 23%
Risky Behaviors
Alcohol and Drugs
 Social
Drinking and Drug Abuse
 Drug abuse: excessive or compulsive use of
chemical agents; interferes with health,
social or vocational functioning and
functioning of society.
Binge Drinking
 Downing
five or more drinks in a row for
men
 Four or more for women
Why do Teens Use Drugs?
 Recreational
use central to many adolescent
peer groups
 Teenage Suicide
 Third leading cause of death among
adolescents
Teenage Suicide
 Risk
factors
Depression: characterized by prolonged
feelings of gloom, despair, futility, profound
pessimism and tendency toward guilt and selfreproach.
Suicide Prevention
 Strongest
risk factor: firearm at home
 Treatment with psychotherapy and
antidepressants
Antisocial Behaviors
 Families
and neighbors hold the keys to
cutting crime.
 Violence and Age
Young people 12-17 are the most frequent
victims of violent crime in the U.S.