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Diagram of Atom Atomic Structure, Isotopes STM Chapter 5 Pages 88-108 Humphry Davy Michael Faraday • Davy’s assistant • 1791-1829 • Coined terms we use today for electrical circuits • c. 1840 • 1778-1829 • British chemist—1807 found metals Electrolysis of Salts • Anode + • Cathode – • Opposites attract – particlesÆ + + particles Æ – • – particle: ANION • + particle: CATION Joseph John Thomson • • • • • 1856-1940 1897 discovered nature of ‘cathode rays’ Actually particles ELECTRONS Calculated mass to charge ratio of electrons Link to history of electron discovery http://www.aip.org/history/electron/ http://e3.uci.edu/clients/bjbecker/SpinningWeb/lecture19.html 1 Cathode Ray Tube Cathode ray deflection diagram Cathode ray deflection photo Perforated cathode Robert A. Millikan Static on oil drops • 1868-1953 • Discovered charge of an electron by oil-drop experiment • Calculated mass from Thomson’s mass to charge ratio • 1923 Nobel prize in physics http://www.physik.uni-frankfurt.de/~jr/gif/phys/millikan.jpg 2 Antoine-Henri Becquerel Marie Curie • 1852-1908 • Discovered spontaneous radioactivity • 1867-1934 • Named radioactivity • Discovered polonium, radium • 1903 and 1911 Nobel prize in physics http://www.anlamak.com/tanimak/yabanci/Curie-Marie.htm http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Ar-Bo/Becquerel-Antoine-Henri.html Radioactive emissions and their charge Ernest Rutherford • 1871-1937 • Named types of radiation • Proposed nucleus of atom as explanation for alpha particle behavior in 1911 http://www.physics.northwestern.edu/Phyx103/web/nuc-timeline.html Gold foil deflects a few alpha particles Model to explain alpha particle deflection 3 Analogy of atom--cont Atomic model analogy http://www.joesentell.com/panther/panther.htm http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~drhodes/hort410/vgsd13.htm http://www.skynet.ie/~ceason/cormac/stuff/housefly_anim.gif http://www.sportslighting.com/feature/ls.html Hydrogen ion James Chadwick • • • • • Protons and Neutrons in Nucleus 1891-1974 Discovered neutron Same mass as proton Accounts for isotopes 1935 Nobel prize in physics http://news.sina.com.cn/cl/2001-12-07/414701.html Atomic Structure • Protons • Neutrons • Electrons 4 Atomic Structure Atomic Structure • Neutrons • Protons Electrical charge 0 Mass = 1 atomic unit Electrical charge +1 Mass = 1 atomic mass unit (u) Atomic Structure Atomic Structure • Electrons • Protons • Neutrons Make up the NUCLEUS NEW KLEE US Nucleons—have mass NEW KLEE ONS • Electrons—minimal mass Electrical charge -1 Mass = almost nothing (1/1837 of a proton) Analogy of atom--cont Protons and Neutrons in Nucleus http://www.joesentell.com/panther/panther.htm http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~drhodes/hort410/vgsd13.htm http://www.skynet.ie/~ceason/cormac/stuff/housefly_anim.gif 5 Atomic Structure Atomic Structure • Protons • Neutrons • Electrons • Protons Atomic Structure Isotope notation Atomic Number Controls properties of elements Constant number for all atoms of the same element • Neutrons – Atoms may have different numbers of neutrons – Different atomic masses of atoms of the same element – ISOTOPES of the same element In-class Activity #1 Stable Isotope of Sodium In-class activity #2 • Write the atomic number in this isotope notation. In-class activity #2 • How many protons? • How many neutrons? 6 In-class activity #2 Electrons • • • • Positioned in energy levels First_level 2 Second_level 8 Higher_levels temporarily_fill_with_8 • How many nucleons? • What is the atomic mass number Neils Bohr’s electron energy level diagram Periodic Table In Class Activity # 3 • • • • Groups of the Periodic Table Alkali Metals—first column Alkaline Earth Metals—second column Halogens—next to last column Noble Gases—last column 7
