Download Lecture 3

Lecture 3
Announcements
 HW#2 Due Wednesday January 25, 2010
 Class website:
http://biosystems.okstate.edu/Home/jcarol/in
dex.html and click on class link
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Quick Review
 Why do we take this class?
 What is biomaterial?
 Should read the first chapter in
your book (short chapter!)
 Today: Cell Structure
 Wednesday (18th): Physical
Attributes Read Chpt 2 notes
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Graphic:
www.eng.auburn.edu/.../plant_cell_structure.gif
•Cell Handout
Form and stability
to cell, protective
barrier
New cell wall
production and
motility
Formation of chemical
energy, aerobic
respiration from ATP Protein synthesis
Synthesis
of proteins
and transport,
rough contains
ribosomes,
smooth transports
Synthesizes cell
wall components
Selective permeable boundary
between cell contents and wall,
Plastid that contains
chlorophyll,
Contains
pectin, lignon.
Assist
in and“junkyard”,
photosynthesis…sunlight
Provides
support
flexibilityand
between cells
synthetic
photosynthesis,
to energy in the form of
degradative
carbs. respiration, breakdown
of “trash” forfunctions
recycling(low
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Cytoplasm: contains organelles,
transportation
synthesis functions
RNA
Contains
cell genetic
Nucleoplasm
code, cell “brain”, DNA
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Graphic:
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPage
s/P/PlantTissues.html
Tissues and Functions
•Epidermis (Protective):
–clear covering
–outermost part of plant
–protects plant from loss
of water to air
–allows gas entry and exit
–allows roots to absorb
water
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Tissues and Functions
•Parenchyma:
–Found in leaves
–Either contain
chlorophyll for
photosynthesis or store
food
•Collenchyma:
–Found in leaves
–Support leaf or stem
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Tissues and Functions
•Sclerenchyma
–Made of either fiber or
sclerid
–Fibrous: have a secondary
cell wall and usually means
the cells are dead…give
flexibility and support
–Sclerid: more pronounced
secondary wall and provide
hardness…coverings such as
nut shells (coconuts,
pecans..)
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Graphic:
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/B
iologyPages/R/Roots.html
Tissues and Functions
•Endodermis:
–One layer thick
–Found in root
system
–Direct water and
minerals from soil to
controlling plant
tissue
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Graphic:
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/B
iologyPages/R/Roots.html
Tissues and Functions
•Primary Xylem:
–Combination of 4 cell types
•Vessel elements
•Tracheids
•Fibers
•Parenchyma cells
–All die except parenchyma
when they mature
–Responsible for water
transport in plant, vertical and
horizontal movement
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Graphic:
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/B
iologyPages/R/Roots.html
Tissues and Functions
•Primary Phloem
–Four cell types
•Sieve tube
•Companion cells
•Fiber cells
•Parenchyma cells
–Storage and lateral
transport of food
materials
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Graphic:
www.eng.auburn.edu/~wfgale/usda_couse
/section0_images_2/syle
•Vascular Cambium:
–Between xylem and phloem
–Provides new cells to xylem and
phloem
–protects plant from loss of water to
air
•Cork Cambium:
–Outside of phloem
–Prevents water loss from the interior
of plant
–Protects interior from environmental
extremes
–Example: tree bark
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Cellular Respiration
•Goal:
6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2
–Convert carbon-containing compounds into energy for life
processes
–Carried out in the mitochondria
•Two Types:
–Aerobic: uses oxygen as electron acceptor
–Anaerobic: uses other compounds for cellular respirtaion
•Both types start with glycolysis
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Glycolysis
•Occurs in the cytoplasm
•Takes a molecule of glucose (6 carbon sugar
molecule)
•Converts it to pyruvic acid
•Changes in molecules happen because of enzymatic
activity
•Enzymes: protein molecules that facilitate reactions
–Involves energy (use, production…)
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Anaerobic Respiration
•Electron acceptor is NOT oxygen.
•AKA…FERMENTATION
•Two types of fermentation: lactic acid and
alcoholic
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Aerobic Respiration
•Majority of organisms respire aerobically
•Terminal electron acceptor is oxygen
•Consists of 2 processes:
–Kreb’s (aka Citric Acid) Cycle
–Electron transport chain
•Kreb’s Cycle: produces CO2 and H2O
•Electron Transport …transports electrons!!!
–From high energy compounds to lower energy compounds
–Final receptor is oxygen molecules
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Respiration
•Aerobic respiration is more efficient at producing
energy for the plant
•Some organisms (known as facultative anaerobes or
aerobes) can do either kind of respiration
•Example: yeast
•With oxygen, use citric cycle and et to produce their
energy
•Without oxygen, use alcoholic fermentation…produce
ethyl alcohol
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Photosynthesis
•Heterotrophs: consume their energy
•Autotrophs: produce their own food
•Plants are autotrophs
•Use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to
form carbohydrates and oxygen
6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2
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Photosynthesis
•Light Reactions
–Photosystem I: absorbs sunlight by chlorophyll
molecule
–Photosystem II: converts two water molecules
into electrons, protons, one water molecule and ½
oxygen molecule.
–Electron transfer releases energy
–Oxygen is either used in the cycle or given off
through respiration
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Reflectance (%)
0.5
Visible
Near Infrared
Measure of living
plant cell’s ability
to reflect infrared
light
0.25
Photosynthetic
Plant
Reflectance
Potential
0.00
450 500 550 600 650 700
750 800
850 900
950 1000 1050
Wavelength (nm)
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Photosynthesis
•Dark Reactions
–Do not require light
–AKA carbon fixation reactions
–Carbon from CO2 is used to make sugars like
glucose
–Requires light reaction products (NADPH) and
CO2
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Photosynthesis
•Requires
–light for Light Reactions
–Water for electron and proton source
–Proper temperature for efficiency
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HW#3 Assignment: Due
1/26/11
•Explain the parts of an animal cell and the
differences between plant and animal cells
–Include graphic(s) of animal cells
–Include functions of the cell parts
–Put your answer in the form of a Power Point
–Email it to [email protected] by midnight on
1/26.
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Resources
•http://sun.menloschool.org/~cweaver/cells/
•http://cals.arizona.edu/pubs/garden/mg/botany
/physiology.html#transpiration
•http://www.eng.auburn.edu/~wfgale/usda_cou
rse/section0_2_page_3.htm
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