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Reproduction There are two main types of reproduction in living organisms. 1. Sexual Reproduction 2. Asexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction • A new organism (sometimes more than one) is produced from one organism • The new organism will have the exact same genetic makeup of its’ parent organism • The process can be accomplished in three ways: 1. Mitosis (cells with a nucleus) 2. Fission (cells without a nucleus) 3. Budding and Regeneration (a bud on the parent plant can break away and grow on its’ own Asexual Reproducers video Euglena divide in half lenthwise to form 2 mirror images (protist) A potato reproducing by budding Fungi spores can be blown to new locations where new “cloned” organisms will grow The rapid multiplication of bacteria through mitosis Questions: 1. How many parents do whiptail lizards have? 2. How do young whiptail lizards differ from their parents? 3. How much of their genetic material do whiptail lizards have? Sexual Reproduction video Flowers In sexual reproduction, one half of the chromosomes come from the female and one half of the chromosomes come from the male. Unlike asexual reproduction, the offspring are not exact copies of parent(s). Many organisms reproduce by sexual reproduction: plants, animals, fungi and protists. Fungi usually reproduce asexually, making copies of itself. However, when resources are slim, fungi reproduce sexually in an effort to produce offspring that is more adapted to the new environment. Sexual Reproduction (cont.) Humans reproduce by sexual reproduction. A female cell and male cell combine to form offspring that are a combination of chromosomes from each parent. Paramecium, a member of the kingdom of protista, like fungi will sexually reproduce when resources are limited. When resources are scarce, overcrowding develops and much of the population is environmentally stressed. At that point, sexual reproduction can possibly produce offspring who are more suited to this environment. Questions: 1. What type of reproduction (asexual or sexual) do most plants use? 2. What nonliving force do plants rely on most often for pollination? 3. What are some of the ways in which plants encourage or trick animals into carrying their pollen to other plants? 4. What proportion of each parent plant’s genetic material does each offspring plant have? So why sex? What is the advantage of sexual reproduction? video Asexual reproduction is much more energy efficient for an organism. When conditions are right, organisms can copy themselves and the offspring thrive. Sexual reproduction provides mixing of the genes. This mixing produces offspring that may be resistant to disease and other environment factors that their parents are not resistant to. This increases the survival rate of the group of organisms Questions: 1. What are the differences between the two species of minnows featured in the video? 2. Which species, the asexual or the sexual reproducers, tends to be more heavily parasitized by the worm that causes black-spot disease? 3. How are the sexual reproduces able to evolve defenses against parasites more quickly and more effectively than their asexual counterparts? The Mating Game Mating Game