Download Wood Chemistry PSE 406/Chem E 470

Wood Chemistry
Wood Chemistry
PSE 406/Chem E 470
Lecture 21: Decay
(Part 1)
PSE 406: Lecture 23
1
Wood Chemistry
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Introduction to
Deterioration
Plant matter is constantly
under attack by fungi,
insects, bacteria, marine
borers and the weather.
It is estimated that roughly
1/10 of the forest products
generated each year are
destroyed.
While this can be bad,
without these processes we
would be buried in a sea of
old dead plant matter.
PSE 406: Lecture 23
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Wood Chemistry
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PSE 406 Emphasis
While weathering, insects
and marine borers cause
substantial damage, we are
going to focus on decay
caused by fungi and
bacteria.
In particular, we are going
to discuss some of the
biology involved but mostly
the chemistry.
PSE 406: Lecture 23
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Wood Chemistry
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Fungi
The wood deteriorating fungi
are organized into three
groups:
» White rot fungi
» Brown rot fungi
» Soft rot fungi
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This image shows fungal
fruiting bodies (sporophores).
» These are structures that
release the reproductive
spores. The fungi are actually
inside the tree.
PSE 406: Lecture 23
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Wood Chemistry
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White Rot Fungi
This group of organisms is known as white rot because of their
ability to degrade lignin.
» The decaying wood looks white.
» Cellulose and hemicelluloses are also degraded.
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Largest number of species belong to Basidiomycotina
» Xyariaceous and Diatrypacsous also numerous.
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White rot fungi typically decay hardwoods
» They will decay softwoods but hardwoods are their food of
choice.
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Simultaneous decay: All the cell components are degraded
simultaneously from lumen outwards.
Preferential decay: Lignin and hemicelluloses are removed
selectively across the cell wall leaving cellulose.
PSE 406: Lecture 23
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Wood Chemistry
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Brown Rot Fungi
With brown rot fungi, cellulose and
hemicelluloses are degraded with only limited
lignin degradation.
» Decayed wood is brown and crumbly.
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Most species belong to Basidiomycotina.
Brown rot fungi typically decay softwoods.
Attack starts at the cell lumen and works
outwards.
» Cellulose is rapidly degraded.
PSE 406: Lecture 23
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Wood Chemistry
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Soft Rot Fungi
Soft rot occurs in areas where plant matter is in
contact with excessive amounts of moisture.
The term soft rots comes from the soft appearance of
the decayed surface.
» When dry the wood surface is cracked.
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Members: Ascomycetes and Fungi Imperfect.
Degradation is mainly though cavity formation in the
secondary wall.
Soft rot fungi attack holocellulose; lignin protects the
plant.
PSE 406: Lecture 23
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Wood Chemistry
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Molds and Blue Stain Fungi
Wood is often stained by these organisms
with little loss of structural integrity.
» Particularly in softwoods, some strength loss in
hardwoods.
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Molds: Aspergillus, Penicillium etc.
Blue Stain Fungi: Philaphora, etc.
These organisms typically attack non lignified
parenchyma cells and pit membranes.
PSE 406: Lecture 23
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Bacteria
Wood Chemistry
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Two forms of attack:
» Degradation of pit membranes and parenchyma cells
leading to increased permeability.
– Aerobic and anaerobic
– Typically a problem when wood stored in ponds.
» Cell wall degradation
– This type is typically aerobic
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Can attack both lignin and holocellulose although
typically lignin more difficult to deal with.
Does not compete well against fungi so needs some
condition to thrive: ie reduced oxygen, etc,
PSE 406: Lecture 23
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Wood Chemistry
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What do Fungi Need?
Favorable temperature
» Fungi do not like cold
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Oxygen
» Water storage suffocates
them.
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Moisture
» They need moisture but
see above bullet.
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Adequate food supply
including nitrogen.
PSE 406: Lecture 23
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Wood Chemistry
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How Does This Happen?
This is a picture of
highly degraded wood.
What you see are the
fungal bodies known
as hyphae. They grow
through the plant
matter like little worms.
The organisms arrive
as spores (transported
by a variety of
methods.
PSE 406: Lecture 23
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Wood Chemistry
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Movement of Hyphae
This SEM picture
shows fungal hyphae
inside hardwood
xylem.
The hyphae enter the
cells though openings
(pits, etc) or can bore
directly through the
wall (chemically)
PSE 406: Lecture 23
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Wood Chemistry
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How Do Fungi Destroy the
Cell Wall Material?
This is a very complex
question which is not
well understood.
The process is
enzymatic. Fungi
possess a wide variety
of cell wall degrading
enzymes:
» Cellulases,
hemicellulases, etc.
PSE 406: Lecture 23
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Wood Chemistry
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How do Enzymes Function?
Enzymes are very very large proteins.
» Enzymes have very specific functions: they cause
chemical reactions to occur in exact fashions.
» A very large number of enzymes have been isolated from
fungi and their functions identified.
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Fungal hyphae release enzymes to degrade cell wall
components: this reaction is extra cellular
Enzymes are too large to penetrate into the cell wall
structure and react with cell wall components. How
does degradation occur?
» This is the big unknown question.
PSE 406: Lecture 23
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