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9 Weeks Test Review Aristotle--- was the first to place living things into categories according to where they lived and if they had “blood” LINNAEUS • Linnaeus--- the “Father of Taxonomy” He came up with the two word naming system called binomial nomenclature BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE • Binomial nomenclature---the two word naming system (Genus species) TAXONOMY • Taxonomy – the science of how living things are classified YOU • What is your scientific name? Homo sapiens • What does it consist of? Genus and species • How to write it correctly?Homo sapiens LEVELS • List the major levels of classification from highest/broadest to lowest/most specific • Domain-KingdomPhylum-ClassOrder-FamilyGenus-Species • Dumb king phillip chased old fat girl scouts DOMAINS • 3 Domains and characteristics of each • 1Archaea – unicellular organisms that can live in harsh conditions; Prokaryotes • 2Bacteria – unicellular organisms that are also Prokaryotes • 3Eukarya – unicellular and multicellular Eukryotes ANIMALS • Characteristics of the animal kingdom – Animals are multicellular – many cells, heterotrophic (eat food), eukaryotes (have a nucleus) HYPOTHESIS • Hypothesis – a possible explanation for a set of observations or answer to a scientific question • Will more chocolate chips make cookies taste better? Experiments • Controlled experiment - An experiment in which only one variable is manipulated at a time Controlled Variable • . Controlled Variable – the variables that are not changed in an experiment Operational Variable • Operational Variable – how to measure a variable or define a term. Manipulated or Independent Variable • 3. Manipulated Variable – the only variable that is changed in an experiment – ex – chocolate chips! Responding Variable • Responding Variable – the factor that may change as a result of the manipulated variable EX - TASTE CLASSIFYING • Classifying – placing into groups based on criteria Observing • Observation – using your senses Types of Observations • Quantitative vs. qualitative observations – numbers vs no numbers • THE ODDS & ENDS KINGDOM Cilia---Hairlike structures Used for movement/locomotion by some bacteria and protists Pseudopods • Pseudo pods---false feet • Used for movement/locomotion by Amoebas Flagella • Flagellum--- long whip like structures • Used for movement by Euglena DNA • What is found in nucleus of cell? DNA – the genetic material • Where is genetic material of a bacteria cell found? Loose in the cytoplasm Virus • 5. Draw and label the structure of a virus - Viruses How Viruses Multiply •Active viruses enter cells and immediately begin to multiply, leading to the quick death of the invaded cells. Virus • How are viruses like parasites?they harm the host Bacteria Shapes • Shapes of Bacteria--spirilla (spiral), Cocci (spherical), and Bacilli (rodshaped) Sexual Reproduction • Draw and explain conjugation Sexual reproduction in which genetic material is exchanged between 2 parents. The offspring is more genetically different than those produced by binary fission Asexual Reproduction • Binary Fission Asexual reproduction in which a cell splits and the offspring is identical to the parent Eukaryotic cells • Animal Cells are which type? Eukaryotic cells • What is their outer covering?cell membrane PRODUCER • Producer – An organism that is at the base of the food chain that makes their own food. THE PRODUCERS HAVE THE MOST ENERGY IN THE FOOD PYRAMID AND WEB! Consumers • Consumer – An organism that cannot make their own food and must eat producers or other consumers Definitions • Prokaryotes – no true nucleus • Eukaryotes – have a nucleus • Autotrophs – make their food (producers) • Heterotrophs – eat food (consumers Food Chain • Food Chain – shows the simple feeding relationship in a ecosystem Food Web • Food Web – the pattern of overlapping food chains in an ecosystem Energy Pyramid • Energy Pyramid – a diagram that shows how energy moves from one feeding level to another in a food web Biology • Biology – The study of living things CELLS • Unicellular – one cell • Multicellular – many cells Limiting Factor • Limiting Factor any environmental factor that causes a population to decrease • Examplesfood, water, living space, weather Biotic/Abiotic • Biotic factor – living things in the ecosystem • Examples animals, plants • Abiotic factor – nonliving part of an ecosystme • Examples rocks, water, sunlight Levels of Organization • Organism – one individual – ex one prairie dog • Population – the same species ex – all the prairie dogs in an area • Community – all the populations - ex – all the dogs, rabbits, owls, etc • Ecosystem – all the biotic and abiotic parts ex – animals, plants, weather, sunlight, rain, soil ex – desert ecosystem Methods of Estimating Populations • Direct Observation – counting Indirect Observation • Indirect observation –counting nests or tracks Sampling • Sampling counting a small area and multiplying to get the large area Mark & Recapture • Mark & Recapture – catching and marking and releasing and recatching Consumers • Carnivore – meat eater • Herbivore plant eater • Omnivore eats plants and animals Chloroplasts in Plant Cells • Where does photosynthesis take place? In plant cells – in the chloroplasts • What is the name of the green pigment?chlorophyll Plant Types • Vascular vs. nonvascular plants Vascular plants have a tube like system for transporting materials and nonvascular do not. PHLOEM • The tube in a vascular plant used for transporting food Xylem • The tube in a vascular plant that is used for the transporting of water and minerals. Stop! • Dormancy – a period when an organisms growth or activity stops Germination • When a plant begins to push out of the seed and grow Water Cycle Nitrogen Cycle Carbon Cycle Parts of a SEED Fruit • The ripened ovary POLLEN • Pollen is produced by seed plants and will later become sperm cells Seed Dispersal • By wind • By Water • By organisms