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SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Steps of the Scientific
Method
 Make an observation
 Ask a question
 Form a hypothesis
 Experiment
 Test the Hypothesis
 Draw Conclusion
 Hypothesis Valid or Invalid
 Communicate Results
 Data
HYPOTHESIS OR NOT?
Hypothesis or Not?
 Albert Einstein was the greatest
scientist in history.
Hypothesis or Not?
 Bacteria will grow more quickly in
a warm environment than a cold
environment.
Hypothesis or Not?
 If a seed is exposed to acids with a
pH less than 4, it will not
germinate.
Hypothesis or Not?
 If a person takes vitamins each
day, they will be healthier.
Hypothesis or Not?
 If a person lives in the Midwest,
they will be friendlier than other
people.
Hypothesis or Not?
 Growing a plant under a red light
bulb will increase the rate at
which it grows.
Hypothesis or Not?
 Raising the temperature of water
will increase the speed in which
Kool-Aid dissolves.
Hypothesis or Not?
 If a person plays the lottery, they
will become rich.
Hypothesis or Not?
 Children who don’t watch TV are
smarter than children who do
watch TV.
Hypothesis or Not?
 If a person does cardio exercise three
or more times per week, they will
have a greater lung capacity than a
person who does cardio exercise less
than three times per week.
Hypothesis or Not?
 German Shepherds are friendlier
than Great Danes.
Hypothesis or Not?
 A plant that is grown with
fertilizer will grow taller
than a plant grown
without fertilizer.
Hypothesis or Not?
 Store brand batteries are able to run a
battery-operated device, such as a
portable fan, for the same amount of
time as national brand batteries.
Hypothesis or Not?
 If you use Swifter Max solution,
then your floors will
look like new.
Hypothesis or Not?
 Hoodia is a natural supplement
that will help people look
fabulous.
Hypothesis or Not?
 A plant grown with salt added to
its soil will be shorter than a plant
grown with no salt added to its
soil.
Hypothesis—What is it?
 Based on this activity, what is a
hypothesis?
 Write your response in the journal
Do Hypothesis or Not
Activity
Developing a Hypothesis
 Observe something
 Ask a question
 Think of controls and variables
 Make it TESTABLE
Is the Hypothesis Correct?
 You can tell if your original hypothesis was
correct if the outcome is proven by the
experiment.
 Data Supports your hypothesis
 What kinds of data can you collect?
 Qualitative
 Quantitative
 How can you organize it?
 Graphs, Charts, and Tables
Data Support Activity
 Smart Lesson
Sometimes Data is Odd…
The Dread Tomato Addiction
 by Mark Clifton
 92.4% of juvenile delinquents have eaten tomatoes.
 87.1% of the adult criminals in penitentiaries throughout
the United States have eaten tomatoes.
 Informers reliably inform that of all known American
communists, 92.3% have eaten tomatoes.
 84% of all people killed in automobile accidents during
the year 2006 had eaten tomatoes.
Testing Promotional Claims
 Activity
Promotional Claim Example
 Product: Red Bull
 Promotional Claim: “It Gives You Wiiiings”
 Hypothesis: If you drink Red Bull, you will
grow wings
Promotional Claim Example
 Procedure:
 Gather 20 people, and place them into two equal
groups.
 One group will drink Red Bull, the other will drink
water.
 Observe both groups for 3 hours after drinking.
 Record any sudden growth of wings.
 Independent Variable: People drinking Red Bull
 Dependent Variable: Wings Growing
 Control: Group drinking water
Discussion
 What is science?
 What is the difference between a hypothesis
and theory?
 Are any of them unchangeable?
SCIENTIFIC THEORIES
AND THEIR EVIDENCE
Cell Theory
 What is Cell Theory?
 Cell Theory:
 All living things are made up of one or more cells. All cells
arise from existing cells. The cell is the basic unit of
structure and function for all organisms.
 Evidence:
 First formulated in 1839
 Began from the work of three scientists: Schleiden,
Schwann and Virchow
 Has since been verified by 1,000’s of scientists
Evolutionary Theory
 What is the theory of evolution?
 Change in the heritable characteristics of a
population across successive generations
 Evidence:
 Work of Charles Darwin (Finches)
 Fossil Record
 DNA Sequencing
 Anatomical Similarities between life forms
What is Gene Theory?
 What is Gene Theory?
 Traits are passed from parent to offspring via genes.
 Evidence:
 Work of Gregor Mendel on pea plants and other
organisms
 1,000’s of scientists, since Mendel’s time, have
conducted experiments that confirm this theory
 New DNA technologies continue to confirm this
theory and help us learn more about the role of
genes in some diseases.
Germ Theory of Disease
 What is Germ Theory of Disease?
 Microorganisms are the cause of some diseases.
 Has led to important things such as antibiotics and
good hygiene practices
 Evidence:
 Resulted from the work of numerous scientists, but is
mainly attributed to the work of Louis Pasteur and
Robert Koch
 Microscopic observations and experimental evidence
since late 1800’s continues to confirm this theory.
Hypothesis or Theory
 Activity
Hypothesis Versus Theory
 In your journal, create a Venn Diagram to
distinguish between theories and hypotheses
 Include examples of both
 Define “science” in your own words
Practice
 http://www.ck12.org/concept/Scientific-
Investigation/#artifact_title