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Cellular Fuels Simple sugars • Monomer used produce all other forms • Source of instant energy Examples: • Glucose • Fructose • Galactose Double Sugars Examples: • Maltose: glu + glu • Lactose: glu + gal • Sucrose: glu + fru = + Complex Carbs Dehydration Synthesis • Bond monomers together by removing water Energy storage: • Starch (alpha glucose) Long chains Plastids of plants • Glycogen (alpha glucose) Branched molecule Liver & muscles of animals Building materials • Cellulose (beta glu) Cell walls of plants Humans unable to digest • Chitin (beta glu + N2) Mushrooms cell walls Arthropod exoskeletons (add CaCO3) Hydrolysis – chem. rxn used to break bonds btw monomers & release energy. Dehydration synthesis: removing –OH from 1 monomer & a H from another in order to bond them together Glycerol Fatty Acids Saturated Fats • All single C-C bonds (full of Hydrogen) • Solid @ rm temp • Animals fats Unsaturated Fats • Un – 1 double C=C bond; polyun - >1 C=C bond • Liquid @ rm temp • Plant & fish fats Synthetically add H’s to an unsat fat to convert it into a saturated fat Why??? • Increased shelf-life & flavor, spreadable Make up cell membranes (bilipid layer) 2 fatty acid chains & a phosphate group Composed rings of ~20 Carbons twisted into 4 Long term energy storage Insulation • Cold (layer under skin) • Nerve endings (myelin sheath) Hibernation Regulate diffusion thru c. mem Protection Communication btw cells (hormones) Metabolism (fat soluble vitamins –A,D,E,K)