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Bacteria Characteristics of Various Phyla Four Phyla Bacteria are members of the kingdom MONERA Within this kingdom there are four PHYLA – – – – Eubacteria Cyanobacteria Archaebacteria Prochlorobacteria Eubacteria- Characteristics “true” bacteria Largest of the Moneran phyla Cell wall made of complex carbohydrates protects them from injury Have one or two cell membranes Have whip like flagellum for movement Eubacteria- Lifestyles Have a variety of lifestyles: – – – Live in the soil Make their own food using light energy Infect other organisms and produce disease Strep throat, typhus, syphilis, chlamydia etc Cyanobacteria- Characteristics Also called blue-green bacteria Only a few members are blue-green in color These members contain a pigment called phycocyanin and chlorophyll A Other members contain different pigments that cause them to be yellow, brown or red Cyanobacteria- Photosynthesis Contain membranes that carry out photosynthesis These membranes have photosynthetic pigments but are less complex and different from chloroplasts found in plants Cyanobacteria- Lifestyles Found in fresh and salt water, very hot water, land and the arctic They carry out Nitrogen Fixation This process converts nitrogen to ammonia which is used by plants for amino acid synthesis Archaebacteria- Characteristics They live in very harsh environments There are three types of archaebacteria – – – Methanogens Halophiles Thermoacidophiles Archaebacteria- Methanogens Anaerobes Produce Methane gas Live in thick mud, sewage and the digestive tracks of animals and humans – – Eg: in cows, they break down cellulose, allowing cows to get nutrients from grass and plants Eg: Used in industry to treat sewage and help purify water Archaebacteria- Halophiles Live in very SALTY conditions Found in the great salt lake in Utah and the Dead Sea in Israel Grow in water 10x saltier than sea water They use salt to generate energy Archaebacteria- Thermoacidophiles Live in very HOT water (230 F) Can also live in very ACIDIC environments (ph less than 2) Found in hot springs, volcanic vents and hydrothermal vents in the ocean floor Prochlorobacteria These bacteria are photosynthetic They have chlorophyll A and B More similar to plant chloroplasts than to cyanobacteria Sometimes called prochlorophyta (phyta means plant) Monera- Phyla Summary Phyla Eubacteria Cyanobacteria Archaebacteria Prochlorobacteria Characteristics