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Transcript
Chapter 18 Archaebacteria & Eubacteria Prokaryotes • Unicellular • No membrane-bound organelles • Found all over world Special Features • Pilus - hairlike protrusion – sticks to surfaces – bridge for sexual reproduction • Flagellum - long, whiplike protrusion, for moving • Capsule - sticky layers around cell wall • Toxin - a powerful poison • Endospore - DNA and cytoplasm bundle – resists harsh environments – viable for up to thousands of years Bacteria Flagella Endospores I Endospores II Identification of Bacteria: • Growth patterns – Diplo-pairs , Staphylo- clusters, Strepto- chains • Shape – Cocci (Spheres), Bacilli (Rods), Spirilli (Spiral) – Naming = growth pattern + shape • Gram stain – Cell wall – Gram+Thick wall= Purple Stain, gram-Thin wall = Pink Stain Gram Stain Growth Patterns Reproduction Asexual • Binary Fission • Rapid Sexual • Conjugation • Pili Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction Metabolism (Cellular Respiration) Obligate Aerobes Obligate Anaerobes Need Oxygen for respiration Die from Oxygen Archaebacteria O2-free Archaebacteria • Produce methane gas • Live in – – – – Marshes Lakes sediments Digestive tracts Sewage disposal plants Salt Archaebacteria • Live in – Utah’s Great Salt Lake – Middle East’s Dead Sea Heat, Acidic Archaebacteria • Anaerobic • Live in – Sulfur springs – Pacific Ocean’s floor cracks Eubacteria • “True” bacteria • Live in more habitable environments Heterotrophs Feed on organic molecules Are Parasites and Saprophytes Photosynthetic Autotrophs Need sunlight to make food Example: Cyanobacteria Chemosynthetic Autotrophs Need sulfur & nitrogen to make food Perform Chemosynthesis Cyanobacteria = Photosynthetic Autotroph Antibiotics • Sir Alexander Fleming – In 1928 he discovered Penicillium notatum Beneficial Bacteria • In plants • Nitrogen fixation – DNA, RNA, ATP Beneficial Bacteria • Decomposing – Breakdown dead organisms and wastes – Return nutrients – Form bottom of food chain Beneficial Bacteria • Produce antibiotics • Make food: – – – – – Cheese Pickles Yogurt Vinegar Sauerkraut Disease-causing Bacteria • Carried in – Air – Food – Water • Cause 1/2 of all human disease • Rare Bacteria Pathogens “Local” infections - disease changes with area of body • • • • • • • Streptococcus causes tooth decay - mouth Strep throat - pharynx/larynx Bronchitis - Bronchi/bronchioles Pneumonia - lungs/alveoli Pneumococcus causes ear infections - ear Pneumonia - lungs/alveoli Osteocytis- bone Air-Born Pneumonia Streptococci
