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Introduction to Special Education:
Making a Difference
Seventh Edition
Chapter 10
Deaf and Hard of Hearing
Introduction to Special Education:
Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020
Deborah Deutsch Smith
1
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Chapter Objectives
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List and explain the major causes of hearing loss.
Discuss why universal hearing screening of newborns
is so important to the outcomes of deaf children.
Explain the variables that must be considered when
planning instruction for students with hearing
problems.
Discuss the concept of Deaf culture, list examples or
signs of Deaf culture, and describe its importance to
the Deaf.
List the major types of assistive technology
specifically designed for people with hearing
problems, and provide examples of each.
Introduction to Special Education:
Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020
Deborah Deutsch Smith
2
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Historical Context
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Debates about the better
methods of communication
(manual or oral) originated
in the 1880s between
Edward Gallaudet and
Alexander Graham Bell.
The battery-operated
hearing aid was developed
after World War II.
The behind-the-ear hearing
aid was developed after the
transistor was created in the
1950s.
Introduction to Special Education:
Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020
Deborah Deutsch Smith
3

A brief history
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1500s: Pedro Ponce de
Leon, a Spanish monk, is
the first teacher of
students who are deaf.
1817: The first school for
the deaf in the U.S.
opens.
1864: Gallaudet University
is founded.
1993: Closed-caption
decoders become
required components of
all television sets sold in
the U.S.
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Deafness and Hard of Hearing
Defined
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People who are deaf:

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Have profound hearing
loss.
Have little use of
hearing, even with a
hearing aid.
Can be divided into three
groups:
 Congenitally deaf.
 Prelingually deaf.
 Postlingually deaf.
Introduction to Special Education:
Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020
Deborah Deutsch Smith
4
People who are hard of
hearing:

Have hearing losses that
impair their
understanding of sounds
and communication.
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Process of Hearing
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The outer ear catches sound waves.
The middle ear turns waves into vibrations.
The inner ear produces electrochemical
signals that are sent through nerve cells
along the auditory nerve.
The brain then perceives signals and makes
them meaningful.
Introduction to Special Education:
Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020
Deborah Deutsch Smith
5
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Types of Hearing Loss

Conductive Hearing Loss

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Sound waves cannot travel to the inner ear.
Sensorineural Hearing Loss

This type of loss is caused by damage to the inner
ear or auditory nerve.
Introduction to Special Education:
Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020
Deborah Deutsch Smith
6
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Degree of Hearing Loss
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Mild: 21−40 dB
Moderate: 41−55 db
Moderately Severe: 56−70 db
Severe: 71−90 dB
Profound: 91+ dB
Introduction to Special Education:
Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020
Deborah Deutsch Smith
7
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Age of Onset

Prelingually deaf
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People who become deaf before they learn to
speak and understand language
People born deaf or who lose hearing as infant
Postlingually deaf


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People who experience hearing loss after learning
to speak and understand language
Often able to retain abilities to use speech and
communicate orally
Can often profit from cochlear implants
Introduction to Special Education:
Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020
Deborah Deutsch Smith
8
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Characteristics
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The only commonality of people who are deaf
or hearing impaired is that hearing is limited.
IDEA ‘04 stresses severity of hearing loss,
communication needs, and any co-existing
disabilities.
A distinction is made between Deaf and deaf.
Introduction to Special Education:
Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020
Deborah Deutsch Smith
9
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Characteristics
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Deaf (capital D)
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Members of a part of a
community
Considered to be a
minority group by its
members, not disabled
Use ASL as the primary
language
Do not use oral language
Introduction to Special Education:
Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020
Deborah Deutsch Smith
10
deaf:
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83% of deaf children are
born of hearing parents.
These people use oral
communication at times.
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Prevalence
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Hearing loss in children is the number-one
birth defect in the U.S. It affects 14% of all
students.
Statistics about special education students
with hearing loss are unreliable due to
different criteria between states.
Over half of all adults over the age of 70 have
hearing problems.
Introduction to Special Education:
Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020
Deborah Deutsch Smith
11
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Causes and Prevention
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Known causes (most unknown)
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Heredity and genetics
Meningitis
Otitis media
Noise
Prevention
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Noise abatement
Immunizations
Introduction to Special Education:
Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020
Deborah Deutsch Smith
12
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Overcoming Challenges: Hearing
Aids and Cochlear Implants
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Hearing Aids
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Amplify sounds
Two different types of hearing aids
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Analog
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Digital
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Make all sounds louder—background and speech
Automatically adjust volume by amplifying sounds
only to the degree necessary
Cochlear Implants
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Surgically implanted with four parts
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Microphone, speech processor, transmitter,
electrode array
Introduction to Special Education:
Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020
Deborah Deutsch Smith
13
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Assessment

Two qualities of sound are measured in the
assessment process:
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Early Identification: Universal Newborn
Hearing Screening
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Frequency
Intensity
95% percent of children are identified at birth due
to universal screening.
Pre-Referral: Hearing Screenings

Students with mild to moderate hearing loss are
often overlooked.
Introduction to Special Education:
Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020
Deborah Deutsch Smith
14
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Identification:
Auditory Assessments
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Most children’s hearing is assessed by the air
conduction audiometry method.
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Bone conduction audiometry method
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Earphones are placed over the ears and the child
raises hand when he or she hears the sound.
Uses a vibrator placed on the forehead to bypass
the outer and middle ear
Goes directly to the inner ear
State- and District-wide Assessments

Require some accommodations specified in IEP
Introduction to Special Education:
Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020
Deborah Deutsch Smith
15
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Early Intervention
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Early identification is crucial.
Newborn hearing is screened in 41 states.
Early intervention allows children to be fitted
with hearing aids early in life.
Intervention before six months results in
better reading achievement and speech
abilities.
Preschool programs facilitate timely language
development.
Early intervention helps families meet special
needs.
Introduction to Special Education:
Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020
Deborah Deutsch Smith
16
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Teaching Students with
Hearing Loss
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Access to the General Education Curriculum
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Interpretation of LRE for the Deaf community is
different than for many advocates and parents of
students with intellectual disabilities.
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Many believe that the general education
environment with an interpreter can be too
restrictive.
Deaf advocates believe that Deaf students should
learn Deaf culture.
Many advocate for residential schools.
Instructional Accommodations

Modification of delivery of instruction
Introduction to Special Education:
Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020
Deborah Deutsch Smith
17
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Teaching Students with
Hearing Loss
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Hard-of-hearing students usually find that proper
amplification allows them to benefit from typical
classroom instruction with some accommodations.
Accommodations
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Teacher’s communications
Additional teacher assistance
Assistance from classmates
Education approaches for Deaf students
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Oral only
Manual communication only
Total communication
Cued speech
Bilingual-bicultural approach
Introduction to Special Education:
Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020
Deborah Deutsch Smith
18
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Technology
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Assistive Listening Devices
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Hearing aids
Cochlear implants
FM (frequency-modulated)
transmission devices
Speech-to-Text Translations
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Real-time captioning
Alerting Devices
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Used for security or safety
Telecommunication Devices
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Captions
Open captions
Closed captions
Rear window captioning
Text telephone
Introduction to Special Education:
Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020
Deborah Deutsch Smith
19
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Transition

School-to-work programs are to improve
adult outcomes.
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Obtain equitable employment
Earn a fair wage
Increase job satisfaction
High rate of success for Gallaudet graduates
Introduction to Special Education:
Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020
Deborah Deutsch Smith
20
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Collaboration
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Teachers and educational interpreters need to work as teams.
A close relationship is needed between the teacher and related service
providers.
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Planning and organization
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Setting up standard meeting times
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Storage and working space designated for the interpreter
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Classroom organization and management
 The interpreter and the student must see the teacher.
 Placement should not be distracting to other students.
 There should be no glare or visual obstruction
 Courtesy and Social Convention should be considered.
 Everyone talks to student and uses eye contact.
 The interpreter is not a tutor.
Introduction to Special Education:
Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020
Deborah Deutsch Smith
21
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Families
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The most important point is acceptance and
inclusion by families.
Social services need to respond quickly to
families for early intervention services soon
after an early diagnosis.
Families experience stress with the
adjustments they have to make, but develop
coping strategies fairly quickly.
Introduction to Special Education:
Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020
Deborah Deutsch Smith
22
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Challenge Questions
What types of technology are available
to assist deaf people?
What advances
might the future hold?
Introduction to Special Education:
Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020
Deborah Deutsch Smith
23
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.