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Personal
Health/Hygiene
Functions of the Skin
 What is the largest organ in the
body?
 Integumentary System: The body’s
system that includes the hair, nails
and skin.
 The skin has a few important
functions
 Protection from Ultraviolet rays
 Cushion for internal organs and
tissues
 Temperature Regulation
 Protection from Pathogens
Function of the Skin
Functions of the Skin
 Skin functions continued
 The body’s first line of defense against
infectious diseases
 Regulating your body’s temperature
 Your skin can cool itself through the
process known as perspiration.
Functions of the skin
 Perspiration: The process by which
the skin increases blood flow to
capillaries, causing the temperature
to rise and the release of sweat. As
the sweat evaporates the skin
naturally cools.
 Sweat Glands: structures in the skin
that secrete perspiration through
ducts to skin pores.
Skin Care
 You should wash your facial skin
each morning and night as it builds
up oils and clogs pores.
 Vitamin A, which is found in such
foods as milk, egg yolks, green leafy
and yellow vegetables, is essential
for healthy skin.
Skin Care
 How much can the sun damage your
skin?
 There are three types of UV rays
that are harmful to the skin; UVA,
UVB and UVC.
 All three rays can destroy the
collagen fibers in your skin, which
are what cause your skin to remain
elastic and tight looking. In other
words, too much sun causes
premature WRINKLES!!
Skin Care
 UVA and UVB also destroy the
Vitamin A in your skin.
 These rays are also known to cause
damage to deoxyribonucleic acid, or
DNA, which can lead to the
development of cancer cells.
 You cannot judge sunburn on initial
appearance. It can take several
hours to show its true damage.
Skin Care
 Use sunscreen SPF 15 or higher
(aka. Sunblock) if you are going to
be exposed to the sun for more than
15-30 minutes at a time.
 Sun damage to skin is
IRREVERSIBLE.
Skin Care
 Sunscreen protects against UVA and
UVB rays.
 UVB causes the initial sunburn and
UVA causes the long term aging
effects from sun damage to your
skin.
Body Piercing and
Tattooing
 Can permit the passage of blood
borne pathogens if the equipment
used is not sterile.
 Body Piercing and Tattooing may
hold social stigmas, which can
prevent one from getting a job, a
promotion, etc. What do you think?
Skin Problems
 Acne: The clogging of your skin
pores.
 Sebaceous glands: The structure
within the skin produce an oily
secretion called sebum. As the
glands enlarge they can produce
excess sebum. During adolescence
an increase in hormone production
causes excess sebum, thus oily
skin.
Hair
 There are between 100,000- 200,000
hairs on your head.
 Follicles: tiny pits in the skin from which
hair grow.
 Dead cells and keratin, a protein, form
the roots of your hair.
Hair Problems
 Dandruff: a condition in which the outer
layer of dead skin cells are shed from the
scalp.
 Causes flaking and itching.
 Head Lice: A small parasitic insect that
lives at the roots of your hair.
 Head lice can be transmitted by sharing
certain items.
Hair Problems
 There are several methods used to
destroy the head lice. No matter what,
you need to be thorough.
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Chemical shampoo (insecticides)
Light emitting combs
The nuovo method, using cetaphil soap
Louse comb
Shaving your head
Hair Problems
Nails
 Nails are also dead cells that grow from
the outer layer of your skin.
 Keep your nails trimmed and cuticles
pushed back for proper nail health.
Your Teeth
 Periodontium: The area around the teeth,
including the gums, periodontal ligament
and the jawbone. These structures
support the teeth.
 Teeth are divided into three major parts
 The root
 The neck
 The crown
Your Teeth
Your Teeth
 Plaque: a sticky, colorless film that
acts on sugar to form acids that
destroy tooth enamel and irritate
gums.
 The most effective way of removing
plaque is by flossing, especially the
plaque found between your teeth.
Your Teeth
 Fluoride: An effective element, and
electrolyte, that has been found to
help prevent tooth decay.
 Today over 60% of the nation’s
drinking supply has fluoridated
water.
 Toothpaste and mouthwash also
contain fluoride.
Tooth Decay
 Bad habits such as eating sweets,
smoking, not brushing or flossing
regularly and not going to your
dentist can promote tooth decay.
Periodontal Disease
 Periodontal Disease: an
inflammation of the periodontal
structures, which is almost entirely
preventable.
 Periodontal disease is caused by
bacteria in the mouth. The bacteria
cause plaque. Unless the plaque is
removed within 24 hours it will turn
to tartar, a hard, crust like
substance.
Periodontal Disease
 Decay begins as plaque eats
through the enamel and spreads to
the dentin. The tooth becomes more
sensitive as the decay reaches the
pulp.
 When decay reaches the pulp the
nerve becomes exposed, which
causes a toothache.
Periodontal Disease
 An abscessed (dying) tooth is
when decays progresses to the
stage of pus formation. The
infection can spread to the upper
jaw and sinuses.
Other Dental Problems
 Halitosis: Bad breath, caused by
decaying teeth, eating certain foods,
smoking and mouth infections.
 Gingivitis: Inflammation of the gums,
causing soreness and bleeding.
 Periodontitis: An advanced gingivitis
that leads to deteriorating bone
around the tooth, causing tooth loss.
Gingivitis
Other Dental Problems
 Malocclusion: When the teeth of the
upper and lower jaw do not align.
 The condition can cause problems
with chewing and speech, and may
also lead to improper tooth wear.
Malocclusion
Your Eyes
Anatomy of the Eye
 More than one million electrical
connections.
 Your eye can distinguish nearly 8
million differences in color.
 Your eye sits in a bony socket,
protected by eyebrows, eye lids and
eye lashes.
Anatomy of the Eye
 Lacrimal Gland: Produces tears to
keep eyes moist and remove foreign
matter.
 The Scleara: A tough, white outer
coating of the eye.
 The rounded part of the sclera forms
the transparent cornea.
Anatomy of the Eye
 The choroid is the middle layer of
the eyeball wall, which the iris, the
colored part of the eye.
 The retina is the light sensitive part
of the eye where images are cast,
much like a movie screen.
Anatomy of the Eye
 A shallow space between the cornea
and lens exists, which contains a
fluid known as the aqueous humor.
 The vitreous humor is the fluid
behind the lens that gives the eye
structure and shape.
Vision
 Vision is accomplished through
nerve impulses sent from the optic
nerve to the brain.
 Twenty/Twenty (20/20) vision is used
to describe a person who has
“normal” vision.
Vision Problems
 Myopia: nearsightedness
 Hyperopia: farsightedness
 Astigmatism: curvature of the lens
causing blurriness
 Strabismus: eye muscles not in
sync, causing cross eyed ness or
lazy eye
Vision Problems
 Amblyopia is a strabismus that is
undetected or untreated, and can
cause vision loss in one eye.
 Cataracts is a clouding of the lens,
causing blurry vision.
 High pressure in the fluid of the eye
is known as glaucoma.
Vision Problems
 Detached retina
Ears
 The auricle is the visible, fleshy part
of the ear, which contains the
external auditory canal.
 The middle ear contains the ear
drum and ear bones.
 The inner ear is also known as the
labyrinth.
Hearing
 Binaural Hearing is how we
determine what direction sound
comes from.
 Generally, humans are born with
hearing range between 20-20,000
hertz.
 Ears also help us maintain balance
through the semicircular canals.
Hearing Problems
 When sounds that reach the inner ear
are not being sent to the brain you have
sensorineural deafness.
 When sound waves are not passed from
the outer to the inner ear you have
conductive deafness.