Download perceptual organization

You are about to witness the perpetrator of a crime!
Describe what you saw. Keep in mind, that this
is a police investigation and that your testimony
can be used in a court of law.
Young lady or Old lady?
Sensation
Vs.
Perception
S E N S A T IO N
Book Definition:
The stimulation of sensory receptors and the transmission of
sensory information into the central nervous system
O u r s e n s e s h a v e p ic k e d u p a m e s s a g e fro m th e
e n v iro n m e n t – v e r y s im p ly “ T a k in g it a ll in ”
P E R C E P T IO N
Book Definition:
The process by which sensations are organized into an inner
representation of the world
In te rp re tin g w h a t w e s e n s e – M a k in g s e n s e
o u t o f s e n s a tio n s
1 . P a s t e x p e rie n c e s
“ S t a r s p a n g le d _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ”
2 . M o o d s , A t t it u d e s , a n d V a lu e s
H a v i n g a b a d d a y a n d “ th in g s ” s e e m t o s n o w b a ll
3. Needs
If y o u ’ r e h u n g r y , y o u t h in k a b o u t…
4 . W h a t t h e g r o u p b e lie v e s
W e h a v e a t e n d e n c y t o , “ g o a lo n g w i t h th e c r o w d .”
S E E IN G – H E A R IN G – T O U C H IN G – T A S T IN G – S M E L L I N G
Abu Ghraib: torture and prisoner
abuse
• Bagdad Detention
Centre
• 2003
• 2004 information
leaks to press.
• MP 372nd Company of
US Army
'Lucifer Effect' Asks Why Good People Go Bad
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9940824
http://abcnews.go.com/Video/playerIndex?id=2769000
Let’s take a look
at our worksheet!
Open your books to page 144-147, please.
Absolute Thresholds for Humans
SENSE
STIMULUS
RECEPTORS
THRESHOLD
Vision
Electromagnetic
Energy
Rods & Cones in the
retina
A candle flame viewed
from a distance of
about 30 miles on a
dark night
Hearing
Sound Waves
Hair cells of the inner
ear
The ticking of a watch
from about 20 feet
away in a quiet room
Smell
Chemical substances
in the air
Receptor cells in the
nose
About one drop of
perfume diffused
throughout a small
house
Taste
Chemical substances
in saliva
Taste buds on the
tongue
About 1 teaspoon of
sugar dissolved in 2
gallons of water
Touch
Pressure on the skin
Nerve endings in the
skin
The wing of a fly
falling on a cheek
from a distance of
about 0.4 inches
SENSE
TYPE OF
DISCRIMINATION
WEBER’S
CONSTANT
(WEBER’S
FRACTION)
VISION
Brightness of light
1/60
HEARING
Pitch (frequency) of a
tone
1/333
Loudness of a tone
1/10
TASTE
Difference in saltiness
1/5
SMELL
Amount of rubber
smell
1/10
TOUCH
Pressure on the skin
surface
1/7
Deep pressure
1/77
Difference in lifted
weights
1/53
Claim: In the film Aladdin, the hero whispers, "Good teenagers, take off your clothes."
http://www.snopes.com/disney/films/aladdin.htm
1) The Pepsi Cool Can
In 1990, Pepsi actually withdrew one of its “Cool Can” designs after someone protested that Pepsi
was subliminally manipulating people by designing the cans such that when six-packs were stacked
at grocery stores, the word SEX would emerge from the seemingly random design. Critics alleged
that the red and blue lines on the “Cool Can” design were far from random <27>.
http://mindbluff.com/subwords.htm
Where are the
following?
Blind spot
Iris
Pupil
Lens
Cornea
Optic Nerve
Retina
FIGURE 4.3 In the human eye, light travels
through the pupil to the lens and is then
reflected onto the retina. The optic nerve sends
the visual information to the brain.
Color Vision
• A tomato is not red; it rejects (reflects) the
long wavelengths of red.
• 1/50 ppl. is color-deficient (male)
• Trichromatic color theory: red, blue, and
green.
Types of color mixing
VISUAL PROBLEMS
Color Blindness
 Color Blind – sensitive to only black & white
 Dichromat – only sensitive to certain colors – partially color blind
 Trichromat – normal color vision
Plate 1
Plate 2
Plate 3
Plate 4
Plate 5
Plate 6
Plate 7
Plate 8
Plate 9
Plate 10
Plate 11
Plate 12
Plate 13
Plate 14
Plate 15
Plate 1
• Both normal and
those with all color
vision deficiencies
should read the
number 12.
Plate 2
• Those with normal
color vision should
read the number 8.
• Those with red-green
color vision
deficiencies should
read the number 3.
• Total color blindness
should not be able to
read any numeral.
Plate 3
• Normal vision should
read the number 29.
• Red-green
deficiencies should
read the number 70.
• Total color blindness
should not read any
numeral.
Plate 4
• Normal color vision
should read the
number 5.
• Red-Green color
deficiencies should
read the number 2.
• Total color blindness
should not be able to
read any numeral.
Plate 5
• Normal color vision
should read the
number 3.
• Red-Green
deficiencies should
read the number 5.
• Total color blindness
should not be able to
read any numeral.
Plate 6
• Normal color vision
should read the
number 15.
• Red-Green
deficiencies should
read the number 17.
• Total color blindness
should not be able to
read any numeral.
Plate 7
• Normal color vision
should read the
number 74.
• Red-Green color
deficiencies should
read the number 21.
• Total color blindness
should not be able to
read any numeral.
Plate 8
• Normal color vision
should read the
number 6.
• The majority of those
with color vision
deficiencies cannot
read this number or
will read it
incorrectly.
Plate 9
• Normal color vision
should read the
number 45.
• The majority of those
with color vision
deficiencies cannot
read this number or
will read it
incorrectly.
Plate 10
• Normal color vision
should read the
number 5.
• Those with color
vision deficiencies
will not read the
number or read it
incorrectly.
Plate 11
• Normal color vision
should read the
number 7.
• Those with color
vision deficiencies
will not read this
number or read it
incorrectly.
Plate 12
• Normal color vision
should read the
number 16.
• Those with color
vision deficiencies
will not read this
number or read it
incorrectly.
Plate 13
• Normal color vision
will read the number
73.
• Those with color
vision deficiencies
should nor be able to
read this number or
will read it
incorrectly.
Plate 14
• Normal color vision
and those with total
color blindness
should not be able to
read any number.
• The majority of those
with red-green
deficiencies should
read the number 5.
Plate 15
• Normal color vision
and those with total
color blindness
should not be able to
read any number.
• The majority of those
with red-green
deficiencies should
read the number 45.
Sound
• Auditory – having to do with hearing
• Sound - A wave which
is created by vibrating
objects and transmitted
through a medium from
one location to another.
Compression and Expansion
Pitch
• Frequency – number
of cycles per second as
expressed in the unit
Hertz.
• Hertz – A unit
expressing the
frequency of sound
waves. One Hertz, or
1Hz, equals one cycle
per second.
Pitch
• The greater the number of cycles per second, the
higher the pitch.
• The greater the number of cycles per second, the
higher the pitch.
Loudness
• Amplitude – height
• The higher the
amplitude of a wave,
the louder the sound.
• Decibel – A unit
expressing the
loudness of a sound.
Abbreviated dB.
Highest Frequency? Loudest? Highest
Amplitude? Highest Pitch?
A.
B.
C.
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5044711
Wishing for a Silent Night in Toyland
by Michele Norris
How Does Sound Move Through the
Ear?
VIDEO: GATEWAYS TO THE MIND!
ARTICLE: Seeing Life in Colors: Cross wired Senses
ARTICLE: Seeing—and hearing and tasting—red
SOURCE: Monitor on Psychology
Volume 39, No. 3 March 2008
A synesthetes alphabet
http://web.mit.edu/synesthesia/www/carol.html
 CONDUCTION DEAFNESS
 SENSORY-NEURAL DEAFNESS
 STIMULATION DEAFNESS
ARTICLE: Loss of Hearing Can Be Frustrating!
February 14, 2001
Conduction Deafness
• Caused by the failure of
the three tiny bones inside
the middle ear to pass
along sound waves to the
inner ear or the failure of
the eardrum to vibrate in
response to sound waves
• Possible cause is a buildup of fluid
• Hearing aids
• Normal hearing may
return.
Sensory-Neural Deafness
• Damage to the inner
ear. Most often caused
by loss of hair cells
that will not
regenerate.
• Damage to the
auditory nerve.
• Cochlear implants can
help patients with this
form of deafness.
Stimulation Deafness
• Exposure to very loud
sounds
• Prolonged exposure to
85 dB can cause
stimulation loss.
• Ringing sound can
mean hair cells have
been damaged
Locating Sounds
• A demonstration – three volunteers are
needed
The nose knows!
Articles: “Fragrances Enhance Emotion, Chemistry” et. al.
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4060583
Thinking, and Singing, of Smell
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4059387
Americans Win Nobel for Research on Smell
ARTICLE: "A Secret Sense in the Human Nose" &
ARTICLE: "A Woman's Nose Belongs to Daddy":
ARTICLE: “Smells aren’t Good or Bad, They’re Learned”
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6577600
“Marketing Campaign Targets Noses at Bus Stops”
ARTICLE: Just browsing at the mall? That’s what you think.
(Sept. 2006)
ScentAir website:
http://www.scentair.com/index_flash.html
http://marketplace.publicradio.org/shows/2006/10/25/PM200610255.html
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4804413
“Wine Fans Take Heart: Smells Differ in Nose, Mouth”
ARTICLE: Taste and Smell – How does food seem tasteless
when you have a cold?
Sensations are created by
chemical reactions on your
taste buds
Taste is heavily influenced by
smell – this is called sensory
interaction
TASTE QUALITIES
(taste is a bunch of B S’s!)
•Bitter
FLAVOR DEPENDS ON…
•Temperature
•Odor
•Sour
•Texture
•Salty
•Taste
•Sweet
(I T.O.T.T. you about flavor)
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1813416
Study: Tastes Form in Infancy
Touch and Pressure
• Sensory receptors
located around the
roots of hair cells fire
when surface of skin is
touched.
• There are at least 6
basic types of touch
receptors in your skin.
• One for hot, cold,
pain, pressure, touch,
and fine touch.
SKIN SENSES
*Vision is usually the most dominant of the senses*
•
Touch
•
Pressure
•
Warmth
•
Cold
•
Pain
TOUCH & PRESSURE
Two-Point Threshold – to assess sensitivity to pressure –
The least distance by which two rods touching the skin must be
separated before the subject will report that there are two rods,
not one, on 50% of occasions
Most sensitive – fingertips, lips, noses and cheeks
1. nerve endings are more densely packed in the fingertips and
face than in other locations
2. a greater amount of sensory cortex is devoted to the
perception of sensations in the fingertips and face
TEMPERATURE
Warm & Cold receptors – they adapt and
sometimes they fire simultaneously
PAIN
*Pain is a signal that something is wrong with the body* NO KIDDING!
*Originates at the point of contact*
*Release of various chemicals – prostaglandins, bradykinin, P*
*Inflammation attracts infection-fighting blood cells*
GATE THEORY – pain messengers can’t get through
ENDORPHINS – Bodies natural
pain killers
Endorphins are inhibitory neurotransmitters. They lock into receptor sites for
chemicals that transmit pain messages to the brain. Once the endorphin “key” is
in the “lock,” pain-causing chemicals cannot transmit their messages. There are a
number of endorphins.
Endorphins also play a role in regulating respiration, hunger memory, sexual
behavior, blood pressure, mood, and body temperature.
ACUPUNCTURE – ancient procedures/releasing endorphins
PLACEBO – bogus treatment
PAIN MANAGEMENT

Accurate Information

Distraction & Fantasy

Hypnosis

Relaxation Training

Coping with Irrational Beliefs
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=7654964
KINESTHESIS – The sense that informs us about the
positions and motion of parts of our bodies
VESTIBULAR SENSE – The sense of equilibrium
that informs us about our bodies’ positions relative to
gravity
Module 12 pp. 170-179
PERCEPTUAL
ORGANIZATION
RULES OR LAWS OF PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION
RULES OR LAWS OF PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION
RULES OR LAWS OF PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION
RULES OR LAWS OF PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION
RULES OR LAWS OF PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION
DEPTH PERCEPTION
MONOCULAR CUES
FOR DEPTH
PERSPECTIVE
DEPTH PERCEPTION
OVERLAPPING or INTERPOSITION
MONOCULAR CUES
FOR DEPTH
DEPTH PERCEPTION
Shadowing
MONOCULAR CUES
FOR DEPTH
TEXTURE GRADIENT
MONOCULAR CUES
FOR DEPTH
MONOCULAR CUES
FOR DEPTH
CLEARNESS
BINOCULAR CUES FOR DEPTH
CONVERGENCE & RETINAL DISPARITY
MONOCULAR CUES FOR DEPTH
PERSPECTIVE
CLEARNESS
OVERLAPPING or INTERPOSITION
Shadowing
TEXTURE GRADIENT
BINOCULAR CUES FOR DEPTH
RETINAL DISPARITY & CONVERGENCE
PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCIES
SIZE CONSTANCY
PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCIES
SHAPE CONSTANCY
PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCIES
COLOR CONSTANCY
PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCIES
BRIGHTNESS CONSTANCY
TYPES OF OPTICAL ILLUSIONS
1. HEIGHT-WIDTH ILLUSION
An upright line segment appears longer than a nearby
equal horizontal line
2. ILLUSIONS OF INTERRUPTED EXTENT
The distance between the portions of an interrupted line
or figure appears to shrink
3. ILLUSION OF CONTOUR
An open or empty figure appears to have greater area or
capacity than an equal closed or filled figure
4. EQUIVOCAL ILLUSION
The drawing of a three-dimensional object appears to
have two or more interpretations
5. ILLUSIONS OF DEPTH
Lines or figures are distorted as the result of a point, line,
or figure appearing to be behind or in front of another
6. ILLUSIONS OF CONTRAST
Surrounding lines or figures cause other lines or figures
to appear have distorted dimensions or shapes
7. ILLUSION NON-CLASSIFIED
An optical illusion that does not fall into the above
categories
Optical Illusions
Height-Width
When principles of
Perceptional organization lead to
misrepresentations of
reality
Equivocal
Interrupted Extent
Depth
Contour
Contrast