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MARINE
BIOMES
BIOMES
• a biome is a major, geographically extensive ecosystem,
structurally characterized by its dominant life forms
• most of the oceans are considered part of a single
biome, although areas with particularly unusual or
unique physical characteristics or inhabitants may be
considered as separate biomes
MARINE BIOMES
• marine biomes make up the largest percentage of
aquatic biomes on earth. unlike freshwater
biomes, these biomes involve a medium to high
percentage of salt in the water
• marine biomes generally have salt concentrations
that average 3%.
• marine algae and photosynthetic bacteria supply a
substantial portion of the world’s oxygen and consume
huge amounts of atmospheric carbon dioxide.
2 TYPES OF WATER BIOMES
• FRESHWATER
• rivers and streams
• lakes and ponds
• SALTWATER
• ocean
• estuaries
• seashores (tidal areas)
FRESHWATER BIOMES
• freshwater contains little or
no salt, so it has a low salinity.
flowing freshwater = rivers and
streams
still freshwater = lakes and
ponds
flowing freshwater
• streams
• the faster a stream flows
the greater the amount of
dissolved oxygen in it.
faster water flows = oxygen
flowing freshwater
• streams
• the fish that live in
streams are adapted to
fast moving water
flowing freshwater
• rivers
• water moves slower in a river
and debris settles on the
bottom.
• because of this, rivers tend to
have more nutrients and less
dissolved oxygen.
nutrients and
oxygen
FRESHWATER
• ponds
• small, shallow bodies of water
• sunlight penetrates all the way to the
bottom
• most completely filled with plant
material
• very high amount of nutrients
FRESHWATER
• lakes
• larger and deeper than ponds
• plant growth is limited to the
shoreline
• sunlight does not penetrate to the
bottom= no plants after a certain
depth!
FRESHWATER
• LAKES
SALTWATER BIOMES
• marine life is found in 3 major
• about 95% of the life zones:
water on earth • coastal zone
 estuaries
has a high
 coastal wetlands
concentration of  intertidal zone
salt. (high salinity) • open sea
• ocean bottom
SALTWATER
• Estuaries (wetlands)
• area where a river meets an ocean
• mix of salt and freshwater
• located near coastlines, border land
• extremely fertile
• nutrient levels are higher than both
salt and freshwater
SALTWATER
• ESTUARIES
SALTWATER
• seashores
• tides have a huge influence on life
here
• intertidal zone- portion of the
shoreline that is covered with
water at high tide and exposed to
the air at low tide.
• Intertidal Zone
• can be sandy or rocky
• small fish, clams, crabs, other
mussels are trapped in the tidal
pools during low tide
INTERTIDAL ZONE
2 MAIN LIFE ZONES
1. photic zone: surface of water
• phytoplankton and water plants that
use photosynthesis (sunlight
penetrates)
2. aphotic zone: no light/little light
• light levels too low to support
photosynthesis (no sunlight penetrates)
PLANKTON
• PHYTOPLANKTON
• unicellular algae
• Cyanobacteria
• ZOOPLANKTON
• planktonic animals
that feed on
phytoplankton
OCEAN ZONATION
OCEANS
• DID YOU KNOW THAT LIFE ON PLANET EARTH BEGAN IN THE
OCEANS MORE THAN 3 BILLION YEARS AGO?
• COVERS ABOUT 75% OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE
• THE FOUR MAIN OCEANS:
• PACIFIC OCEAN
• ATLANTIC OCEAN
• INDIAN OCEAN
•
ARCTIC OCEAN
• THE EVAPORATION OF WATER FROM THE OCEANS PROVIDES
MOST
OF
THE
PLANET’S
RAINFALL,
AND
OCEAN
TEMPERATURES HAVE A MAJOR EFFECT ON WORLD CLIMATE
AND WIND PATTERNS.
MARINE ZONATION
Like
lakes,
the
marine
environment
is
generally
classified on the basis of:
1.
LIGHT PENETRATION
•
Photic Zone
•
Aphotic Zone
2.
DISTANCE FROM THE
SHORE
AND
WATER
DEPTH
•
Intertidal Zone
•
Neritic Zone
•
Oceanic Zone
3.
OPEN
•
Pelagic Zone
BOTTOM
•
Benthic Zone
•
Abyssal Zone
• PHOTIC ZONE
• THE ZONE WHERE THE LIGHT PENETRATES.
• THERE IS SUFFICIENT LIGHT FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
• APHOTIC ZONE
• VERY LITTLE LIGHT CAN PENETRATE.
• LIGHT IS INSUFFICIENT FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
• INTERTIDAL ZONE
• WHERE LAND MEETS WATER
• ALTERNATELY SUBMERGED AND EXPOSED TWICE DAILY DIE TO
TIDES
• CAN BE ROCKY OR SANDY
• NERITIC ZONE
• BEYOND INTERTIDAL
• INCLUDES SHALLOW REGIONS OVER THE CONTINENTAL SHELVES
MAJOR LIFE ZONES AND
VERTICAL ZONES
Sun
Open Sea
Coastal zone
Depth in
meters
Sea level
0
50
Euphotic Zone
100
Estuarine
Zone
Continental
shelf
Photosynthesis
High tide
Low tide
200
500
Bathyal Zone
Continental
1,000
1,500
Abyssal Zone
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
10,000
Darkness
Slope
• OCEAN PELAGIC ZONE
• EXTENDS PAST CONTINENTAL SHELVES, CAN BE VERY DEEP, IS THE OPEN WATER
• INCLUDES MOST OF THE OCEAN’S WATER.
• BENTHIC ZONE
• THE SUBSTRATE AT THE BOTTOM OF ALL AQUATIC BIOMES.
• MADE UP OF SAND AND ORGANIC AND INORGANIC
SEDIMENTS (“OOZE”).
• OCCUPIED BY COMMUNITIES OF ORGANISMS
COLLECTIVELY CALLED BENTHOS.
• A MAJOR SOURCE OF FOOD FOR THE BENTHOS IS DEAD
ORGANIC MATTER CALLED DETRITUS.
• ABYSSAL ZONE
• THE DEEPEST REGIONS OF THE OCEAN FLOOR.
CORAL REEFS
• ARE WIDELY DISTRIBUTED IN WARM SHALLOW WATERS
• DOMINATED BY STRUCTURE OF CORAL ITSELF
• FORMED BY DIVERSE GROUP OF CNIDARIANS THAT SECRETE HARD
EXTERNAL SKELETONS MADE OF CALCIUM CARBONATE
• CERATES A SUBSTRATE UPON WHICH OTHER CORALS, SPONGES, ALGAE
GROW
• VERY DIVERSE ASSORTMENT OF VERTEBRATES AND INVERTEBRATES
• VERY PRODUCTIVE
• CURRENTS AND WAVES CONSTANTLY RENEW NUTRIENTS
• LIGHT PENETRATES TO OCEAN FLOOR ALLOWING PHOTOSYNTHESIS
CORAL REEFS
• coral reefs are usually found in shallow,
warm waters. they are found along
continents, islands, and atolls. coral reefs
are made of algae and tissues of animal
polyp. these areas tend to be poor in
nutrients, however the coral gets its
nutrients from the algae
IMPORTANCE OF CORAL REEFS
• coral are very important in controlling how much
carbon dioxide is in the ocean water. without coral,
the amount of carbon dioxide in the water would
rise dramatically and that would affect all living
things on earth.
• in addition, coral reefs are very important because
they protect coasts from strong currents and waves
by slowing down the water before it gets to the
shore. that is why they are called barrier reefs. they
provide a barrier between the ocean and the shore.
• coral reefs are the “rainforests” of the
ocean. reefs are ecologically important
ecosystems and have a high biodiversity
that serves as a storage bank of rich
genetic resources
MARINE FOOD PYRAMID
NOTES
• BIOME : LARGE ECOSYSTEM WITH DOMINANT LIFE
FORMS
• MARINE BIOMES MAKE UP THE LARGEST PERCENTAGE OF
AQUATIC BIOMES ON EARTH (MEDIUM/HIGH LEVELS OF
SALT)
• MARINE BIOMES INCLUDE OCEANS, CORAL REEFS AND
ESTUARIES
• APPROXIMATELY 71% OF THE EARTH'S SURFACE IS
COVERED BY OCEAN
NOTES
• THE WORLD OCEAN IS SEEN TO BE DIVIDED INTO FIVE SUB
OCEANS: PACIFIC OCEAN, ATLANTIC OCEAN, INDIAN OCEAN,
ARCTIC OCEAN AND SOUTHERN OCEAN
• OCEAN BIOMES ARE DIVIDED INTO FOUR ZONES: INTERTIDAL,
PELAGIC, BENTHIC AND ABYSSAL
• INTERTIDAL: WHERE OCEAN MEETS SHORE
• PELAGIC: MIXING OF COLD AND WARM OCEAN CURRENTS
• BENTHIC: BOTTOM OF THE OCEAN FLOOR (COLD TEMP, DARK)
• ABYSSAL: DEEPEST ZONE AND INCLUDES MID-OCEAN RIDGES
NOTES
 DRAMATIC FORMS OF WEATHER OCCURS OVER THE OCEANS(EX:
TROPICAL CYCLONES )
 OCEAN CURRENTS GREATLY AFFECT THE EARTH'S CLIMATE BY
TRANSFERRING WARM OR COLD AIR AND PRECIPITATION TO COASTAL
REGIONS, WHERE THEY MAY BE CARRIED INLAND BY WINDS.
 THE ANTARCTIC CIRCUMPOLAR CURRENT ENCIRCLES THAT CONTINENT,
INFLUENCING THE AREA'S CLIMATE AND CONNECTING CURRENTS IN
SEVERAL OCEANS.
 AROUND HALF OF ALL CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCED BY HUMANS SINCE
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION HAS DISSOLVED INTO THE WORLD'S
OCEANS
• CORAL REEFS ARE USUALLY FOUND IN SHALLOW, WARM WATERS
• CORAL ARE VERY IMPORTANT IN CONTROLLING HOW MUCH
CARBON DIOXIDE IS IN THE OCEAN WATER.
• CORAL REEFS PROTECT COASTS FROM STRONG CURRENTS AND
WAVES BY SLOWING DOWN THE WATER BEFORE IT GETS TO THE
SHORE
• CORAL REEFS HAVE A HIGH BIODIVERSITY THAT SERVES AS A
STORAGE BANK OF RICH GENETIC RESOURCES
• ESTUARIES INVOLVE BOTH FRESHWATER AND SALT WATER. THEY
PROTECT WATER QUALITY BY FILTERING OUT DIRT AND POLLUTION
AND ARE OFTEN THE CENTERS OF COASTAL COMMUNITIES
THE END