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The Origin of Gravity The Origin of Gravity ≡ General Relativity without Einstein ≡ München 2009 by Albrecht Giese, Hamburg www.ag-physics.org 1 1 The Origin of Gravity Content The 2 alternatives for GR / Gravity 1.: In Einstein’s theory: - ‘c’ is constant and a light beam moves straight - Space-time is curved 2.A: Equivalently (almost) - ‘c’ is variable and light follows the refraction law - Space and time are conventional ‘ 2.B: Gravity is refraction rather than a force www.ag-physics.org /gravity 2 2 The Origin of Gravity Space and Time What is Space? How do we measure space? Can we measure space? ‘ 3 3 The Origin of Gravity 4 4 The Origin of Gravity ? ? ? ? ? ? Conclusion: Space cannot be directly measured; space is a concept Measurable physics are about objects and fields ‘ 5 5 The Origin of Gravity Space and Time What is Time? In Special Relativity this means: What is Dilation? Lorentz-Transformation of Time: 1 x v t 1 v 2 c 2 c2 2 v2 d 1 2 c dt v2 d 1 1 dt 1 v 2 c 2 c 2 2 d 2 c c v dt 2 2 2 d 2 2 2 c v c dt Plausible conclusion: The physical counterpart to Time is an internal motion within an elementary particle ‘ 6 6 The Origin of Gravity “Zitterbewegung” (Schrödinger) Completed Structure of an Elementary Particle: E/h (de Broglie 1924) v c (Dirac / Schrödinger 1928/30) N 2 (Momentum law) m0 (Relativity) orbit (Spin, mag. moment) This is called here the Basic Particle Model valid for every elementary particle No conflict with experiments! ‘ www.ag-physics.org 7 7 The Origin of Gravity Special Relativity: Dilation q 2 c 2 v 2 Pythagoras T 2pR c T ' 2pR q T' c v2 1/ 1 2 T q c d 1 dt 1 „Speed of proper time“ d c c2 v 2 dt 2 2 v v2 c2 i.e. the Lorentz-Factor d c v 2 c2 dt 2 2 d c dt ‘ 8 8 The Origin of Gravity Bind of the Basic Particles F K q2 r r0 r3 ‘ www.ag-physics.org /rmass 9 9 The Origin of Gravity The Mass Equation F Kq 2 r r0 r3 F a C kq 2 1 r c2 m E h h c 2pR c R E m c2 m R c R r /2 universal for all elem. particles! The classical magnetic moment: F 1 C kq 2 a r c2 1 c e0 R 2 Radius R computed from the magnetic moment and then inserted above the correct mass m Or both equations combined: 1 e0 2 m = Bohr magneton in case of the electron universally valid for all elem. particles www.ag-physics.org /rmass ‘ 10 10 The Origin of Gravity Now General Relativity / Gravity with / without Einstein ‘ www.ag-physics.org /gravity 11 11 The Origin of Gravity The Shapiro-Experiment: Einstein‘s view: this is a seeming reduction of c c c G M c (r ) c 0 1 2 2 r c0 P P=1/2 or 1 depending on direction ‘ www.ag-physics.org /gravity 12 12 The Origin of Gravity The gravitational field of the sun: G M c (r ) c 0 1 2 2 r c0 P P=1/2 or 1 depending on direction Einstein‘s view: the path ís straight but the space is curved The application of classical refraction yields for the vertex: a G M r2 Integrating deflection 2 from – to + yields: 1.75 arcsec …. with Newton: 0.88 arcsec This was the great breakthrough for Einstein in 1919 (Solar eclipse)!! www.ag-physics.org /gravity Now: Acceleration at rest!! ‘ 13 13 The Origin of Gravity Elementary Particle in a Gravitational Field (with Vertical Axis): c c a G M r2 No dependency of the mass! Gravit. Source ‘ /gravity 14 14 The Origin of Gravity Formal Treatment of General Relativity (Gravity) Schwarzschild Solution: (1 rs r 2 )x 0 (1 s )1 r 2 r 2 2 c 2 r r rs 2 GM r c2 is the starting point for the classical proofs of General Relativity: - Perihelion Advance - Gravitational Lensing - … ‘ /gravity 15 15 The Origin of Gravity Formal Result of General Relativity (Gravity) 1 Reduced speed of light c r c c 1 s r 1/ 2 rs c c 1 r GM r c2 G *N rs 2 r c2 rs 2 for radial motion for tangential motion 1 rs 2 ) d r Reduced field distance d ' (1 Lorentz Transformation (time-related) d c c2 v 2 dt in radial direction 2 Speed split into radial/tangential portion Now Gravity: 2 d c2 c2 dt 2 r 2 r 2 2 1 r dr r d d c c 2 1 s 1 s r 2 r dt r dt dt 2 2 2 2 2 dt d 1 r r c c t 1 s r 2 1 s r 2 2 r r 2 2 2 ‘ Schwarzschild Solution /gravity 16 16 The Physical Causes of Relativity As a comparison: The Schwarzschild Solution derived with Einstein Riemann Geometry Field Equations 17 17 ‘ The Physical Causes of Relativity The Schwarzschild Solution derived without Einstein 1 Reduced speed of light c r c c 1 s r 1/ 2 rs c c 1 r GM r c2 G *N rs 2 r c2 rs 2 for radial motion for tangential motion 1 Reduced field distance r d ' (1 s ) 2 d r in radial direction d c c2 v 2 dt 2 Lorentz Transformation (time-related) Speed split into radial/tangential portion 2 d c2 c2 dt 2 r 2 r 2 2 1 r dr r d d c 2 c 2 1 s 1 s r 2 r dt r dt dt 2 Now Gravity: 2 dt d 2 2 1 r r c c t 1 s r 2 1 s r 2 2 r r 2 2 2 Schwarzschild Solution ‘ /gravity 18 18 The Origin of Gravity What is Gravity? Gravity is the change of the speed of light in the vicinity of an object Gravity has nothing to do with mass But: What is the physical reason for the change of the speed of light ‘c’ in the vicinity of an object? ‘ www.ag-physics.org /gravity 19 19 The Origin of Gravity Why is ‘c’ reduced? --> by the perturbed path of a light-like particle c Force is the Strong Force This solves Quantum Gravity! Average speed <c Reduction of c independent of Radius independent of mass ‘ /gravity 20 20 The Origin of Gravity Open problems in Gravity / Cosmology Dark Matter Acceleration (Dark Energy / Cosmological Constant) Quantum Gravity ‘ www.ag-physics.org /gravity 21 21 The Origin of Gravity The Dark Matter Problem: Missing Matter in a rotating Galaxy www.ag-physics.org /gravity ‘ 22 The Origin of Gravity Rotation of the Galaxy NGC 3198 Axions, neutralinos etc photons halo (of dark matter) ‘ www.ag-physics.org /gravity 23 23 The Origin of Gravity Inflation •The need for inflation: At early times there was a causal connection between regions which move off each other at extreme speed requirement for contracted space Alternativ: 1050 Development of ‘c’ c/c0 1025 1 Big Bang time now •The need for causal connection: Is also fulfilled with a high value of ‚c‘ in an unaltered space ‘ www.ag-physics.org /gravity 24 24 The Origin of Gravity Need for Dark Energy? Development of the Universe: 1050 Development of ‘c’ c/c0 1025 1 Big Bang time now •Doppler-Effekt: If ‚c‘ was higher at ealy times then we get – from the formula – a higher speed for the early supernovae. The • acceleration at later times disappear. www.ag-physics.org /gravity DopplerEffekt: v c ‘ 25 25 The Physical Causes of Relativity Summary What are the benefits of this interpretation of General Relativity and of gravity? i.e.: (i) the particle model, (ii) variable ‘c’, (iii) conventional space and time A. The model is mathematically easy and is based on a physical understanding – can even be taught at school B. The model explains: Gravity numerically like Einstein at least up to Schwarzschild The “only attracting” effect The “Dark Matter” phenomenon The apparent expansion phenomenon - “Dark Energy” or “Cosmological Constant C. The model avoids: Conflicts between gravity and quantum theory - QUANTUM GRAVITY BECOMES OBSOLETE The necessity of the Equivalence Principle (which is an fact derived here) The force #4 assigned to gravity (non-existent; step towards a unified theory) ‘‘ www.ag-physics.org /gravity 26 26