Download Gravity - Relativity without Einstein

The Origin of Gravity
The Origin of Gravity
≡ General Relativity without Einstein ≡
München 2009
by
Albrecht Giese, Hamburg
www.ag-physics.org
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The Origin of Gravity
Content
The 2 alternatives for GR / Gravity
1.: In Einstein’s theory:
- ‘c’ is constant and a light beam moves straight
- Space-time is curved
2.A: Equivalently (almost)
- ‘c’ is variable and light follows the refraction law
- Space and time are conventional
‘
2.B: Gravity is refraction rather than a force
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The Origin of Gravity
Space and Time
What is Space?
How do we measure space?
Can we measure space?
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The Origin of Gravity
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The Origin of Gravity
?
?
?
?
?
?
Conclusion: Space cannot be directly measured; space is a concept
Measurable physics are about objects and fields
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The Origin of Gravity
Space and Time
What is Time?
In Special Relativity this means: What is Dilation?
Lorentz-Transformation of Time:



1
x v 


t



1 v 2 c 2 
c2 
2
 v2 
 d 
1  2 



 c 
dt




 v2 
d
1
1 


dt
1  v 2 c 2  c 2 
2 d

2
c 
  c v
 dt 
2
2
2 d

2
2
2
c 
 v c
 dt 
Plausible conclusion: The physical counterpart to Time
is an internal motion within an elementary particle
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The Origin of Gravity
“Zitterbewegung” (Schrödinger) Completed 
Structure of an Elementary Particle:
 E/h
(de Broglie 1924)
v c
(Dirac / Schrödinger 1928/30)
N 2
(Momentum law)
m0
(Relativity)
orbit
(Spin, mag. moment)
This is called here the Basic Particle Model
valid for every elementary particle
No conflict with experiments!
‘
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The Origin of Gravity
Special Relativity:
Dilation
q 2  c 2  v 2 Pythagoras
T  2pR c
T '  2pR q
 
T' c
v2
  1/ 1  2
T q
c
d
1
dt
1
„Speed of proper time“
 d 
 c    c2  v 2
 dt 
2
2
v
v2
c2
i.e. the Lorentz-Factor
 d 
 c    v 2  c2
 dt 
2
2
 d 
c 
 dt 
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The Origin of Gravity
Bind of the Basic Particles
F  K  q2 
r  r0
r3
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The Origin of Gravity
The Mass Equation
F  Kq 2 
r  r0
r3

F  a  C  kq 2
1
r c2

m
E  h   h  c 2pR    c R
E  m  c2

m

R c
R  r /2
universal for all elem. particles!

The classical magnetic moment:
F
1
 C  kq 2
a
r c2
1
 c  e0  R
2
Radius R computed from the magnetic moment  and then inserted above  the correct mass m
Or both equations combined:

1 e0

2 m
= Bohr magneton in case of the electron
universally valid for all elem. particles
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The Origin of Gravity
Now
General Relativity / Gravity
with / without Einstein
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The Origin of Gravity
The Shapiro-Experiment:
Einstein‘s view: this is a
seeming reduction of c
c


c

G M
c (r )  c 0  1  2
2

r  c0





P
P=1/2 or 1 depending on
direction
‘
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The Origin of Gravity
The gravitational field of the sun:


G M
c (r )  c 0  1  2
2

r  c0





P
P=1/2 or 1 depending on
direction
Einstein‘s view: the path ís
straight but the space is curved
The application of classical refraction yields for the vertex: a  G 
M
r2
Integrating deflection 2 from –  to +  yields: 1.75 arcsec
…. with Newton: 0.88 arcsec
This was the great breakthrough for Einstein in 1919 (Solar eclipse)!!
www.ag-physics.org /gravity
Now: Acceleration at rest!!
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The Origin of Gravity
Elementary Particle in a Gravitational Field (with Vertical Axis):
c
c
a G
M
r2
No dependency of the mass!
Gravit.
Source
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/gravity
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The Origin of Gravity
Formal Treatment of General Relativity (Gravity)
Schwarzschild Solution:
(1 
rs
r
2
)x 0  (1  s )1 r 2  r 2 2  c 2
r
r
rs  2
GM
r  c2
is the starting point for the classical proofs of
General Relativity:
- Perihelion Advance
- Gravitational Lensing
- …
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/gravity
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The Origin of Gravity
Formal Result of General Relativity (Gravity)
1
Reduced speed of light c
 r 
c  c  1  s 
r 

1/ 2
 rs 
c  c  1  
r 

GM
r  c2
G *N
rs  2
r  c2
rs  2
for radial motion
for tangential motion
1
rs 2
) d
r
Reduced field distance
d '  (1 
Lorentz Transformation
(time-related)
 d 
 c    c2  v 2
 dt 
in radial direction
2
Speed split into
radial/tangential portion
Now Gravity:
2
 d 
 c2   c2
 dt 
2
 r 2
 r 2 2
1
 r   dr   r 
 d 
 d 
 c    c 2 1  s     1  s   r 2 

r   dt  
r 
 dt 
 dt 

2
2
2
2
2
 dt 

 
 d 
1
 r 
 r 
 c  c t 1  s   r 2 1  s   r 2 2
r 
r 


2
2 2
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Schwarzschild Solution
/gravity
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The Physical Causes of Relativity
As a comparison: The Schwarzschild Solution derived with Einstein
Riemann Geometry
Field Equations
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The Physical Causes of Relativity
The Schwarzschild Solution derived without Einstein
1
Reduced speed of light c
 r 
c  c  1  s 
r 

1/ 2
 rs 
c  c  1  
r 

GM
r  c2
G *N
rs  2
r  c2
rs  2
for radial motion
for tangential motion
1
Reduced field distance
r
d '  (1  s ) 2  d
r
in radial direction
 d 
 c    c2  v 2
 dt 
2
Lorentz Transformation
(time-related)
Speed split into
radial/tangential portion
2
 d 
 c2   c2
 dt 
2
 r 2
 r 2 2
1
 r   dr   r 
 d 
 d 
 c 2    c 2 1  s     1  s   r 2 

r   dt  
r 
 dt 
 dt 

2
Now Gravity:
2
 dt 

 
 d 
2
2
1
 r 
 r 
 c  c t 1  s   r 2 1  s   r 2 2
r 
r 


2
2 2
Schwarzschild Solution
‘
/gravity
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The Origin of Gravity
What is Gravity?

Gravity is the change of the speed of light
in the vicinity of an object
 Gravity has nothing to do with mass
But: What is the physical reason
for the change of the speed of light ‘c’
in the vicinity of an object?
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The Origin of Gravity
Why is ‘c’ reduced?
--> by the perturbed path of a light-like particle
c
Force is the Strong Force
This solves Quantum Gravity!
Average
speed
<c
Reduction of c independent of Radius

independent of mass
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/gravity
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The Origin of Gravity
Open problems in
Gravity / Cosmology
Dark Matter
Acceleration (Dark Energy / Cosmological Constant)
Quantum Gravity
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The Origin of Gravity
The Dark Matter Problem:
Missing Matter in a rotating Galaxy
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The Origin of Gravity
Rotation of the Galaxy NGC 3198
Axions, neutralinos etc
photons
halo
(of dark matter)
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The Origin of Gravity
Inflation
•The need for inflation: At early times there was a causal
connection between regions which move off each other at
extreme speed  requirement for contracted space
Alternativ:
1050
Development of ‘c’
c/c0
1025
1
Big Bang
time
now
•The need for causal connection:
Is also fulfilled with a high value of ‚c‘ in an unaltered space
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The Origin of Gravity
Need for Dark Energy?
Development of the Universe:
1050
Development of ‘c’
c/c0
1025
1
Big Bang
time
now
•Doppler-Effekt: If ‚c‘ was higher at ealy times then we get – from the
formula – a higher speed for the early supernovae.
The
• acceleration at later times disappear.
www.ag-physics.org /gravity
DopplerEffekt:
v c


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The Physical Causes of Relativity
Summary
What are the benefits of this interpretation of General Relativity and of gravity?
i.e.: (i) the particle model, (ii) variable ‘c’, (iii) conventional space and time
A. The model is mathematically easy and is based on a physical understanding –
can even be taught at school
B. The model explains:




Gravity numerically like Einstein at least up to Schwarzschild
The “only attracting” effect
The “Dark Matter” phenomenon
The apparent expansion phenomenon - “Dark Energy” or “Cosmological Constant
C. The model avoids:
 Conflicts between gravity and quantum theory - QUANTUM GRAVITY BECOMES OBSOLETE
 The necessity of the Equivalence Principle (which is an fact derived here)
 The force #4 assigned to gravity (non-existent; step towards a unified theory)
‘‘
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