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NON-DEMOCRATIC Authoritarian Totalitarian Gov’t Groups Process Goals Leaders chosen by an elite whose political authority rests on the use or threat of force Decision making is carried out by a small group who may not exercise power in the interest of the majority Use of FIPS Decisive leadership, political stability, social order, rapid mobilization of resources Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881) Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) Machiavelli “The Lion & the Fox” Thomas Carlyle “Great Man” Theory Nietzsche “Superman” DICTATORSHIPS APPEAL TO CERTAIN KINDS OF PEOPLE IN CERTAIN KINDS OF SITUATIONS Adorno: parent-child relationship/ dependent on others for strength/ see the world as black and white. Fromm:alienation of the individual in the post-industrial society Lipsett:Class base: Communism - lower classes Fascism - upper classes Definitions: DICTATORSHIP: absolute rule by one person or by a small elite (authoritarian government). TYPES: Aristocracy: Ruled by a privileged class. Plutocracy: Ruled by rich. Autocracy: Ruled by ONE person, a monarch without restrictions Oligarchy: Ruled by A FEW PEOPLE, a clan or clique (Junta, if ruled by military). plutocracy Theocracy: Ruled by people who claim a divine right to rule. Examples of each ( 20th cent): Aristocracy (minority tyranny) South Africa (under apartheid) Autocracy (absolute monarchy) Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Suharto (Indon.) Oligarchy Nicaragua (Samoza), Haiti (Duvalier) Junta (military dictatorship) Iraq, Myanmar, Nigeria, Chile (Pinochet) Theocracy Iran (Ayatollah Khomeini) Taliban (Afghanistan) TOTALITARIANISM: a dictatorship that controls ALL aspects of a society. A product of the 20th century. Accomplished by mass media. Government control via F.I.P.S. Hitler’s Germany, Stalin’s Soviet Union, Mao’s China, Castro’s Cuba Features: FORCE/USE OF TERROR INDOCTRINATION/PARTICIPATION PROPAGANDA SCAPISM Also: centralization of power subservience of judiciary to executive L E L E J J CANADA J U.S.A. E L DICTATORSHIP Force & Terror Most expedient way to control a population and maintain power. Zero toleration of dissent. Nazi’s SA storm troopers, SS, Gestapo. Italy’s Black Shirts (squadristi). Stalin’s secret police (NKVD), Cheka, Gulag, KGB (1954) All used agents and informants informally. Indoctrination & Forced Participation An education system to teach the values of the party. Target on youth: Hitler’s Germany: Jungvolk (10-14) Hitler Youth (boys) League of German Girls Soviet Union: Little Octobrists (7-10) Young Pioneers (10-14) Komsomol (15-28) Forced participation: Gives semblance of participation in, and approval of the political process. Parades and celebrations. Elections: Party chooses all the candidates; No real choices on ballots; or No secret ballot. Shows world that leader has widespread support. Propaganda Language is the vehicle of thought. Enhance image of leadership, and party. Show greatness of state and people. Examples: Nazi Germany: Joseph Goebbels (Minister of Public Enlightenment) People’s Observer (Nazi Party paper) Soviet Union: Pravda (“Truth”) paper of Communist Party Scapism (Directing popular discontent) Alleviates responsibility of party/gov’t for any problems. Assists in limiting accountability. Possible enemies: Nazi Germany: Jews; Socialists (responsible for betraying Germany at the end of WWI) Dissent from: Student groups (White Rose), Catholic Church, Jehovah’s Witnesses Soviet Union: Reactionary Elements (White Russians); capitalists; The West. Dissent from: • Intellectuals: – Aleksandr Solzenitsyn, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich; – Andrei Sakharov, inventor of the soviet H-bomb. • Samizdat publication of dissident views. Critique of Non-democratic Governments Lack of legitimacy Inefficient and bureaucratic Patronage; Unchecked corruption Littledictators Widespread apathy and cynicism Power struggles over succession Leads to violent changes in government changes Elitism Favoritism of certain groups in society; leads to revolts. COMMUNISM (Marxism/Leninism): a.k.a.“Revolutionary Socialism” Has it ever been achieved? Ideal of Society: Based on human capacity for interdependence, solidarity, and cooperativeness. Abolishment of injustice Achievement of equality for all. Affirmations: Humanism, rationality, and progress Dignity of work Internationalism and pacifism Rejections: Violations of human rights:despotism, militarism, imperialism, fascism, racism, torture. Custom based societies Capitalism, liberal individualism, inequality. Revolutionary organizations and tactics: Political activity in the workplace; trade unions, strikes. Military or economic challenge to authority. State structures and official policies: Identification of state with interest of working classes through medium of political party. Removal of old institutions and laws redolent of privilege. State direction of economy in the interest of equal distribution of wealth and opportunity. Historical Blind Spots of COMMUNISM International movement or National movement. Not always applicable to non-European and pre-modern societies. Highly militaristic. Bureaucratic. Totalitarian: elite run state. Communism In Russia The USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) Karl Marx (1818 - 1883) Communist Manifesto Das Kapital Marx’s sidekick: Friedrich Engels (1820 1895) Objective: an economic/political system that would meet ppl. basic needs…guaranteed. Lenin (1874-1924) Altered Marxism: Could skip certain stages, i.e. capitalism (in Russia’s case) Vanguard needed to protect revolution, i.e. an elite, rather than proletariat. USSR’s political system General Secretary of Communist Party #1. Government is dominated by communist party (CPSU); therefore… Soviet Leaders Lenin 1917-24 Joseph Stalin 1922-53 Nikita Khrushchev 1953-64 Leonid Brezhnev 1964-82 Yuri Andropov 1982-84 Konstantin Chernenko 1984-85 Mikhail Gorbachev 1985-1991 Glasnost (openness) Political focus Perestroika (restructuring) Economic focus FASCISM Ideal of society: All people can experience life heroically as part of a strong dynamic community. Affirmations: Possibility of a new order. Power invested in a natural elite with a born leader. Rejections: Decadent forces: liberalism - it saps a nation of its energy. Egoistic individualism. Cosmopolitanism, cultural and racial mixing. Humanitarian concerns with equality and harmony. Democracy. Revolutionary organizations and tactics: Paramilitary and youth organizations. Assertion of a strong leader. Overt violence against perceived opponents and enemies. Esthetic of power symbolizing regeneration. Arno Brecker Nazi sculptor 1942 Roland Hugon Propaganda poster Vichy France, 1942 Joop! Giorgio Armani magazine ads Franco, Spanish Dictator, circa 1935 State structures and official policies: Identification of party with state. Aggressive militarism. Abolition of class conflict by assertion of unity of interest in the glorification of the state. Historical Blind Spots of FASCISM: Impossibility of integrating all aspects of society into fascist vision. Maintenance of momentum once all enemies have been defeated. Replacement of charismatic leader. Why German Democracy Failed (The Weimar Gov’t) Proportional representation 0.5% gets a seat;therefore 2.6% in 1928 gave legitimacy to Nazis Weak governments 20 coalition gov’ts from 1919-33; avg. 8 months; made of 3 or 4 parties Political polarization due to failure of mainstream parties 1932 Nazi (R) Communists (L) win majority of seats Disunity of the left Communists refused to form a coalition against Nazis w/ Social Democrat Communists were anti-German democratic Hostility to parliamentary democracy seen by some Germans as a foreign political system imposed on them by victorious Allies (Treaty of Versailles) Great Depression six million out of work in Jan., 1932 Liberal Demo. Vs. Com. & Fasc. Representative assembly and responsible executive. Two or more party system Free elections at regular intervals Independent judiciary Freedom of opinion and speech Freedom of association One party Totalitarian state. Rule by elite party or dictatorship. No elections, if so no choice Judicial decisions conform to party ideology. Censorship and limited freedom of opinion and speech. Limited freedom of association; surveillance by secret police. Communism Vs. Fascism Rule by proletariat Represent interest of working class Aims at: Intensifying class structure Working class revolution Classless society International movement Concerned with betterment of individual Rule in interest of the STATE Represents interest of middle class and economic elite. Aims at: Eliminating class conflict, BUT maintaining class structure National movement. The interest of the state comes before those of the individual. Nationalization of economy Public ownership of the means of production State planning Can have a cult leader. Private ownership of the means of production State control of workers and economy. Cult of leader, Fuhrer and Il Duce.