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Politics of the Roaring Twenties Chapter 12, Section 1 Warm up What do you think is isolationism? Postwar Trends Nation divided over the League of Nations debate Nativism – prejudice against foreign-born people Isolationism – policy of pulling away from involvement in foreign affairs. Returning soldiers faced unemployment or took old jobs from women and minorities. Fear of Communism Communism – economic and political system based on single-party government ruled by a dictatorship. The Red Scare Vladimir Lenin estab. Communist state in Russia Symbolized by a Red Flag Communist Party formed in the United States Several dozen bombs were mailed to government and business leaders, the public grew fearful Communists were taking over. Fear of Communism US Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer took action against “Red Scare” The Palmer Raids August 1919, Palmer begins to hunt down suspected Communists, socialists, and anarchists Anarchist – people who oppose any form of government. Trampled the civil rights of those he suspected. Soon, the public decided Palmer didn’t know what he was talking about. Sacco & Vanzetti Nicola Sacco and Bartoleomeo Vanzetti Both were Italian anarchists Arrested and charged with robbery and murder Found guilty and sentenced to death with circumstantial evidence. “Suspects appeared to be Italian” Bartolomeo Vanzetti Before execution on August 23, 1927 The Klan Rises Again Used anti-communism as excuse to harass different groups. KKK was devoted to “100 percent Americanism” Keeping blacks “in their place” Opposing Unions Driving out Catholics, Jews, & foreigners Klan parade. Richmond, VA 1920s The Klan Rises Again Controlled some state governments Criminal activity led to decrease in power. Limiting Immigration Nativist sentiment: “Keep America for Americans” Immigrants worked for lower wages Fear they were bringing Communism to the U.S. The Quota System Emergency Quota Act, 1921 Quota System – maximum number of people who could enter the US from each country. Did not apply to Western Hemisphere Labor Unrest Employers didn’t want to give raises or let employees join unions. Employers labeled strikers as Communists in an effort to decrease public support of unions. Boston Police Strike Police who asked for a raise were fired. Remaining police decided to strike. National Guard called Mass governor, Calvin Coolidge said: “There is no right time to strike against the public safety by anybody, anywhere, any time.” New police hired and strike ended. Steel Mill Strike Wanted to negotiate for shorter hours, living wage, and union representation. 300,000 workers go on strike Striking workers were beat by police and military Ended Jan 1920, 3 years later a report about working conditions shocked the public. Steel Mill Strike Propaganda Companies had started propaganda campaign calling strikers communist. Labor Movement Loses Appeal Union membership dropped in the 20’s 1. Many immigrants willing to work in poor conditions 2. Multiple languages hard to organize 3. Farmers who migrated to cities were use to relying on themselves 4. Most unions excluded African Americans The Harding Presidency Chapter 12 Section 2 Warren G. Harding President 1921 Campaigned for “normalcy” of simpler days before Progressivism and the Great War America had been rapidly transforming over the past twenty years, Harding’s ‘Normalcy’ campaign was very attractive to Americans Harding Struggles for Peace 1921 Washington Naval Conference Invited major world powers (excluding Russia) to Washington Naval Conference, where Charles Evans (Secretary of State) urged that no more warships be built for at least ten years Charles Evans Hughes, Secretary of State Urged disarmament at the Conference The idea being that, a world with less military weapons is a safer world for everybody Delegates (England, France, Japan, Italy, and USA) agreed to partially disarm and scrap many of their largest warships. High Tariffs and Reparations Fordney-McCumber Tariff – raised taxes on US imports to 60 percent Britain and France couldn’t sell enough goods to repay debts Germany couldn’t make reparation payments France marched on Germany to take either money or land Dawes Plan – American investors loaned Germany $2.5 billion to repay war debts, in order to stop a new war. Scandal Harding admittedly did not understand many of the nation’s issues. Harding’s cabinet was full of corruption and illegal activity. Teapot Dome Scandal Government set aside oilrich lands in Teapot Dome, Wyoming for US Navy use. Secretary of the Interior, Albert Fall leased the land to private companies and received $400,000 Embarrassment to Republicans and Harding. Harding: “I have no trouble with my enemies…But my…friends, they’re the ones that keep me walking the floor at nights!” Harding Dies August 2, 1923 – Harding suddenly dies of natural causes Calvin Coolidge takes over presidency and is elected the next year. Coolidge helped restore people’s faith in government and the Republican Party. The Business of America Chapter 12 Section 3 The Model A Industries Flourish Calvin Coolidge was the pro-business spirit of the 1920s. Believed in a lack of government oversight would allow Businessmen to run their companies the most efficient and effective way possible Lassie Faire- Hands Off “the chief business of the American people is business…The man who builds a factory builds a temple – the man who works there worships there.” Industries Flourish Republicans favored policies that would Keep taxes down and business profits up Give businesses more available credit to expand Allow private enterprise to flourish. Wages and productivity were rising because of new technology. Impact of the Automobile Construction of paved roads Route 66 provided route from Chicago to California Garages and carports in homes Automatic traffic signals “Liberated the isolated rural family, who could now travel to the city for shopping and entertainment.” Impact of the Automobile Urban Sprawl – spreading out of city dwellers Economic base for Production Cities (Detroit, Dearborn, Flint, Pontiac) Oil-producing states (California and Texas) Automobile became a status symbol Airplane Industry Began to be used to transport mail Established form of peacetime travel. Pan America had the first commercial Trans-Atlantic Flight! Electric Conveniences Factories used electricity to run machines Electricity available to cities and suburbs Homes use electric appliances. Washing Machines, Vacuums, Toaster Ovens, Refrigerators, all made the life of a ‘homemaker’ easier, freeing up time for women. This allowed women more opportunity to work and experience more of life outside the home Modern Advertising Psychologists studied how to appeal to people’s desires. “Say it with flowers” “Reach for a Lucky instead of a sweet” Producing Great Quantities of Goods Business expands, companies merge, manufacturing grows, chain stores sprout up, national banks open “branches” Farms are producing more crops with new machinery. Overproduction of crops cause the price of food to drop, causing economic hardships for farmers. Many farmers, and farmers family members leave the farm and move to the city, where the fast paced unhindered lifestyle is new to them. Buying Goods on Credit Installment Plan – enabled people to buy goods over an extended period. “You furnish the girl, we’ll furnish the home.” “Enjoy while you pay.” Pg 426