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“The task of propaganda is not to make an objective study of the truth…but to convince the masses. -Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf Note – Difference between pre and post 1933 Main purposes of Propaganda To begin to understand how Propaganda posters were used within Nazi Germany * Methods * Messages * Purpose To understand what made propaganda posters so effective in Nazi Germany Use the left click on the mouse button The Role of Propaganda in Nazi Strategy Nazi Propaganda Practices Volksgemeinschaft: “National Community” • National, racial and pure peoples community Making a leader • Nazi propaganda idolized Hitler who brought stability, created jobs, and restored German greatness • Germans were expected greet others on the street with “Heil Hitler!,” the so-called “German Greeting” Modern techniques of propaganda -- including strong images and simple messages -- helped propel Austrianborn Adolf Hitler from being a little known extremist to a leading candidate in the 1932 German presidential elections. The style of this poster is similar to some of film stars of the era. Election poster, 1932; photo by Heinrich Hoffmann Defining the Enemy • Define who is excluded from membership • Nazi propaganda publicly identifyied groups for exclusion thus creating. – – – – – Nazi propaganda often portrayed Jews as engaged in a conspiracy to provoke war. Here, a stereotyped Jew conspires behind the scenes to control the Allied powers, represented by the British, American, and Soviet flags. The caption reads, "Behind the enemy powers: the Jew." Circa 1942. Jews Sinti and Roma (Gypsies) homosexuals political dissidents Germans viewed as genetically inferior and harmful to “national health” Deceiving the Public • To win over the majority of the German public who had not supported Adolf Hitler and to push forward the Nazis' radical program • Joseph Goebbels, sought to manipulate and deceive the German population and the outside world. An antisemitic poster published in Poland in March 1941. The caption reads, "Jews are lice; They cause typhus." This German-published poster was intended to instill fear of Jews among Christian Poles. Rallying the Nation "Greater Germany: Yes on 10 April" (1938). This election poster emphasizes the message of jumping on the Nazi political bandwagon, as represented by the hands raised in a unified Nazi salute. • The Nazi Party dramatically increased its public support by advertising itself as a protest movement against the corruption and ineffectiveness of the Weimar “system” • Throughout World War II, Nazi propagandists disguised military aggression aimed at territorial conquest as acts of ethnic self-defense necessary for the survival of “Aryan civilization” • Nazi propaganda frequently stressed the power of a mass movement to propel the country forward, subtly underscored by the upward angle of the hands • This poster typifies the propaganda strategy of using simple confident slogans, with bold graphics often using the characteristic Nazi colors of red, black, and white. Indoctrinating Youth • From the 1920s onwards, the Nazi Party targeted German youth as a special audience for its propaganda messages • These messages emphasized that the Party was a movement of youth: – dynamic – resilient – forward-looking – hopeful "Students/Be the Führer's propagandists." With militant appeals to nationalism, freedom, and self-sacrifice, the Nazi Party successfully recruited students disenchanted with German democracy and their current student organizations. • Millions of German young people were won over to Nazism in the classroom and through extracurricular activities Writing the News "All of Germany Listens to the Führer with the People's Radio." The poster depicts a crowd surrounding a radio. The radio looms large, symbolizing the mass appeal and broad audience for Nazi broadcasts. • Der Stürmer was the most notorious, antisemitic newspaper in Germany • The newspaper, headed by Julius Streicher, published lurid tales of Jewish “ritual murder,” sex crimes, and financial malfeasance • The Nazis understood the power and attraction of emerging technologies, such as film, loudspeakers, radio, and television, in the service of propaganda • These technologies offered the Nazi leadership a means for mass dissemination of their ideological messages and a vehicle for reinforcing the myth of the National Community through communal listening and viewing experiences Film from the Steven Spielberg Film Archive showing the Opening of the Official Anti-Semitic Campaign, 1 April 1933. Also in this clip is Minister for Popular Enlightenment and Propaganda, Joseph Goebbels addressing a cheering crowd in Berlin Lustgarten, the boycott of Jewish shops, a truck filled with Nazis moving through streets, chanting: "Germans, protect yourselves. Don't buy from the Jews,“ book burning and more. [00:05:48] What is going on here? Book Burnings Nazi students unload confiscated materials for the public book burning that is to take place on the Opernplatz in Berlin. The banner on the back of the truck reads: "German students march against the un-German spirit." Book Burnings Study the following propaganda posters carefully. What can you learn from these sources about Nazi methods of propaganda? * Describe what you can see * Who do you think each poster is aimed at? * What is the message behind the poster? Why was it produced? What I can see Key Questions Hitler in the background Young HJ boy. Aryan in appearance, serious, looking ahead (in awe?) Military/ Smart Uniform Caption in Bold “Youth Serves the Führer” All 10-year-olds into the Hitler Youth." Left hand mouse click to check your response before moving on What I can see Key Questions Hitler in the background Who is this poster aimed at? Young HJ boy. Aryan in appearance, serious, looking ahead (in awe?) Military/ Smart Uniform Caption in Bold “Youth Serves the Führer” All 10-year-olds into the Hitler Youth." What I can see Key Questions Hitler in the background Who is this poster aimed at? Young HJ boy. Aryan in appearance, serious, looking ahead (in awe?) Why was this poster produced? Military/ Smart Uniform Caption in Bold “Youth Serves the Führer” All 10-year-olds into the Hitler Youth." What I can see Key Questions Hitler in the background Who is this poster aimed at? Young HJ boy. Aryan in appearance, serious, looking ahead (in awe?) Why was this poster produced? What does this poster tell you about Nazi attitude towards youth? Military/ Smart Uniform Caption in Bold “Youth Serves the Führer” All 10-year-olds into the Hitler Youth." How effective is this poster as a piece of propaganda? As with the last poster the message of this poster is aimed at young people and their parents: ‘Every ten year old to us’ Again it is encouraging youths to join ‘official’ organisations – in this case The League of Young Girls – JM. Look at the poster carefully. What makes it so effective? Left hand mouse click to check your response before moving on Look at the poster carefully. What makes it so effective? Waving Flags, Bright and Jolly. It is also a Nazi flag and is therefore an appeal to peoples patriotism and sense of loyalty. This is an ‘official’ request. Look at the poster carefully. What makes it so effective? Waving Flags, Bright and Jolly. It is also a Nazi flag and is therefore an appeal to peoples patriotism and sense of loyalty. This is an ‘official’ request. This youth is obviously happy to join the organisation. She is enjoying herself. Her appearance is also appealing – fresh faced and attractive. Look at the poster carefully. What makes it so effective? Waving Flags, Bright and Jolly. It is also a Nazi flag and is therefore an appeal to peoples patriotism and sense of loyalty. This is an ‘official’ request. This youth is obviously happy to join the organisation. She is enjoying herself. Her appearance is also appealing – fresh faced and attractive. Smart Uniform. A sense of belonging to an important organisation. Pride. Look at the poster carefully. What makes it so effective? Don’t forget to look at the top, or bottom of Propaganda posters as the title or slogan usually sums up the meaning. ‘Every ten year old to us’ This is made to sound official and almost like a command that should be obeyed. Key Question: What I can see The Eagle (The State) protecting the family The father above the family The mother caring for the baby – scarf on her head representing domestic work Happy, healthy children What does this poster tell us about: *Nazi beliefs regarding the family and family life * Nazi attitudes regarding the role of women? Left hand mouse click to check your response before moving on What I can read (All text that would help you answer an examination question would be translated on the examination paper). The German National Socialist Party safeguards you national community Comrades, if you need help and assistance, ask your local branch of the NSDAP Volksgemeinschaft was a phrase used by the Nazi’s when appealing for ‘a national community of all Germans’ What I can see Physical features Map of Germany Handful of money A knotted whip Title in Bold Key Question: What does this film poster tell us about Nazi attitudes towards the Jews? What is the purpose of this poster? Communist Symbol Left hand mouse click to check your response before moving on Key Question: What does this film poster tell us about Nazi attitudes towards the Jews? Key Question: What does this film poster tell us about Nazi attitudes towards the Jews? Appearance: Over-bearing, forbidding, threatening Key Question: What does this film poster tell us about Nazi attitudes towards the Jews? Appearance: Over-bearing, forbidding, threatening Map of Germany A measure of control over Germany. A feeling of ownership. Key Question: What does this film poster tell us about Nazi attitudes towards the Jews? Appearance: Over-bearing, forbidding, threatening Map of Germany A measure of control over Germany. A feeling of ownership. Holding Wealth Holding much of the wealth within Germany A reference to money lending and the profits that many Jews made of out of businesses within Germany. Key Question: What does this film poster tell us about Nazi attitudes towards the Jews? Knotted Whip: A symbol of cruelty and control. Key Question: What does this film poster tell us about Nazi attitudes towards the Jews? Knotted Whip: A symbol of cruelty and control. The Title: ‘The Eternal Jew’. This was the name of a film made by the Nazis showing supposed Jewish characteristics. Hitler maintained that if the Jewish ‘problem’ was not dealt with, then Jews would continue to corrupt society forever. Key Question: What does this film poster tell us about Nazi attitudes towards the Jews? Communist Symbol: The Nazis often linked Judaism and Communism. The Nazis maintained that both Communism and Judaism had to be ‘dealt with’ if Aryans were to live a carefree life without fear of exploitation and oppression. Many Jews lived in Russia and it was easy enough for the Nazis to link these two enemies together and label both Communists and Jews as destroyers of culture and freedom. Key Question: What is the purpose of this film poster? How may this poster affect Germans who were suffering from financial difficulty? - unemployment for example. Key Question: What is the purpose of this film poster? How may this poster affect Germans who were suffering from financial difficulty? - unemployment for example. How would this poster affect many citizens who were uncertain about Germany’s future? Key Question: What is the purpose of this film poster? How may this poster affect Germans who were suffering from financial difficulty? - unemployment for example. How would this poster affect many citizens who were uncertain about Germany’s future? How would this poster affect Germans who supported right wing political parties - like the Nazis? Key Question: What is the purpose of this film poster? What types of feelings may posters like this one have evoked amongst many German people during the 1930’s? Fear Happiness Awe Distrust Trust Compassion Hatred Scepticism Racism Key Question: What message is held within this poster? Key Question: What is the purpose of this poster? What types of feelings may posters like this one have evoked amongst many German people? Fear Awe Trust Distrust Hatred Loyalty Pride Confidence Hope Disgust Sadness What made propaganda posters so effective in Nazi Germany? END