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Deportation and genocide • WW2 had ideological and racial aspect to ot. • Jews and Slavs were considered inhuman- existing population in Poland and USSR was destroyed or displaced. • Russian population to be withered away bycontraception, sterilization and abortion • Jews to be exterminated • Poles and Russians to be deported to German factories and mines Defining the Holocaust HOLOCAUST (Heb., sho'ah) which originally meant a sacrifice totally burned by fire the annihilation of the Jews and other groups of people of Europe under the Nazi regime during World War II GENOCIDE: the systematic extermination of a nationality or group European Jewish Population in 1933 was 9,508,340 Methods of killing Masses herded to remote locations and shot- expensive and time-consuming methods Later in concentration camps – poison gas or overwork and starvation They were shot, starved, gassed and burned… Estimated Jewish Survivors of Holocaust: 3,546,211 The Stages of Isolation The Holocaust was a progression of actions leading to the annihilation of millions by: 1: Stripping of Rights 2: Segregation 3: Concentration 4: Extermination Stage 1: Stripping of Rights 1935: Nuremberg Laws stated that all JEWS were : stripped of German citizenship fired from jobs & businesses boycotted banned from German schools and universities Marriages between Jews and Aryans forbidden Forced to carry ID cards Passports stamped with a “J” forced to wear the arm band of the Yellow “Star of David” Jewish synagogues destroyed forced to pay reparations and a special income tax Stage 2: Segregation GHETTOS Jews were forced to live in designated areas called “ghettos” to isolate them from the rest of society Nazis established 356 ghettos in Poland, the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Hungary during WWII Ghettos were filthy, with poor sanitation and extreme overcrowding Disease was rampant and food was in such short supply that many slowly starved to death Warsaw, the largest ghetto, held 500,000 people and was 3.5 square miles in size Stage 3: Concentration Camps essential to Nazi’s systematic oppression and eventual mass murder of enemies of Nazi Germany (Jews, Communists, homosexuals, opponents) Slave labor “annihilation by work” Prisoners faced undernourishment and starvation Prisoners transported in cattle freight cars Camps were built on railroad lines for efficient transportation Life in the Camps possessions were confiscated heads were shaved arms tattooed Prison uniforms Men, women and children were separated Survival based on trade skills / physical strength Unsanitary, disease ridden and lice infested barracks inhumane medical experiments Stage 4: Extermination Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing units) had began killing operations aimed at entire Jewish communities in the 1930s DEATH FACTORIES: Nazi extermination camps fulfilled the singular function of mass murder Euthanasia program: Nazi policy to eliminate “life unworthy of life” (mentally or physically challenged) to promote Aryan “racial integrity” Wannsee “FINAL SOLUTION” Conference (Berlin -1942 ) established the “complete solution of the Jewish question” called for the complete and mass annihilation and extermination of the Jews as well as other groups Zyklon B gas became the agent in the Gas Chambers & Crematoriums Prisoners were sent to gas chambers disguised as showers Zyklon B gas used to gas people in 3 – 15 minutes Up to 8000 people were gassed per day at AuschwitzBirkenau, the largest death camp with 4 operating gas chambers Gold fillings from victims teeth were melted down to make gold bards Prisoners moved dead bodies to massive crematoriums Holocaust Art Aftermath Yom ha-Shoah: Holocaust Remembrance Day established in 1951 Nuremberg Trials: 1945-1949 were trials for war crimes of Nazi officials (24 Nazi leaders tried) Displaced Persons Anti-Semitism in the Russian govt deported minorities in the west as it assumed they were disloyal- Germans on the Volga, Tartars in Crimea, Estonians, Lithuanians and Poles dispersed to Siberia Japanese considered the Chinese as ‘bacterias infesting world civilizations’ and adopted ‘purification by elimination’ tactics- Rape of Nanjing Civilians as part of the war effort Britain 1. military conscription- carefully controlled so that key workers were left in important industries- coal mining 2. Industrial conscription- for women Women played a bigger role in british industry, agriculture and administration • Germany • Regional and police authorities did not accept Albert Speer’s national schemes in their regions • Hitler was against women working as he believed they should focus on Children, Church and kitchen-Kinder, kirche, kuche • Hitler insisted that consumer goods production remain a priority so workers in non-essential industries could not be transferred. Soviet Union Centralised nature of state helped to mobilise civilians effectively Workers forced to move to regions where they were most needed, hours of work increased, crash training programmes, slackening or absentism could be punished by labour camps or death Also worked in civil defence and fire-watching operations Worked under long hours, poor nutrition and political scrutiniy America Women played a key role in war industries doing semi- skilled jobs such as crane operators, tool makers, shell loaders, aircraft makers and lumberjacks 3,50,000 women joined in Women’s army Auxillary corps, Marine Corps Women’s Reserve and the navy Nurse Corps Japan Japanese Govt was reluctant to use women in the workforce Conscripted students The growth of Government Power Britain Churchill formed a coalition government and exercised supreme military and political power. Ernest Bevin –Minister of Labor and national Service Britain Mines, shipping and railways came under state control Rationing was introduced Conscription for both men and women Improving health care, setting up nurseries to look after children of working mothers All factories employing more than 250 workers must have a canteen and a welfare officer Making food rations and vitamin supplements available to young children and mothers Public transport was under the public sector Germany A single-party state and decentralized Germany focused on high quality and technical sophistication rather than mass production thus failed to produce weapons on a large scale Soviet Union Centralised all-powerful state Careful planning and mass production War production was given priority A single national war plan was drawn up in 1943 Planners given freedom and powers to accomplish their objectives Large numbers of weapons to be produced as simply and quickly as possible. USA Government took control of industrial production War production Board was established Production priorities were changed as per military requirements -car factories produced tanks and planes -workers were recruited where they were needed most -new industries created USA granted contracts to the big industries to produce what was needed Japan Military government Main political parties went into voluntary dissolution Monolithic party set up- the imperial rule assistance Association Trade unions were closed down Difficult for the government to maintain tight control of war production to the independent positions of the Zaibatsu and the rivalries between the army and the navy Propaganda n : information that is spread for the purpose of promoting some cause In WWII, propaganda was used more than any other time this world has seen. With new technological inventions such as photography, radio and film, manipulative messages bombarded every day life in an attempt to persuade a person to believe in a specific cause. Propaganda in Figures Since the beginning of the War, the Reichspropagandaleitung has produced: more than 2 million brochures more than 7 million posters more than 60 million newspapers, wall posters, leaflets, etc. It carried out: about 30,000 slide shows about 45,000 film evenings every month about 200,000 meetings and public or factory mass meetings Mein Kampf - This poster promotes Hitler's book Mein Kampf, announcing that four million copies have been sold. This book is what really put Hitler on the map. After this, more political opportunities presented themselves. Treaty of Versailles (Germany alone against the world) - This visual from the mid-1930's shows Germany in white, with the 100,000-man army permitted by the Treaty of Versailles, surrounded by heavily armed neighbors. Propaganda Propaganda remained a key weapon of all governments Germany and USSR convinced their poulations of the justification of their actions Goebbels stoked the German fear of communism in the East Stalin dubbed the war as the ‘Great Patriotic War’ where the defence of the ‘motherland’ was a driving force The change in the public opinion in the western democracies like Britain and USA was due to the actions of the Axis Powers. 1. Britain- after a war scare in 1938 they were ready to fight in 1939 2. USA- attack on Pearl harbor Churchill established the Political Warfare executive USA- The Office of War Information was set-up Propaganda and censorship was used to 1. encourage civilians 2. get women to work 3. stress the evil nature of the enemy regime 4. to fight against the Nazis Radio was the most important weapon- BBC news broadcast was seen as reliable The Technical Team "Germany" assisted in about 50 major events and drove over 360,000 kilometers (nine times around the earth). Radio Propaganda - The text translates: "All Germany hears the Führer on the People's Receiver." The Nazis, eager to encourage radio listening, developed an inexpensive radio receiver to make it possible for many people to hear Nazi propaganda. Recruitment Beginning early on in the war and continuing until its end, countries used propaganda to persuade young men to join the military. The various forms of propaganda glorified the war effort and used short catchy phrases that were easy to understand and hard to forget. Why? United States – Uncle Sam: I Want You! Russia – Look familiar? Britain – Join your country’s army…God save the King. Norway - ALARM! The slogan at that time was: "Finland's fight is our fight." Whoever fights for Finland also fights for his own country"...Norway. Germany - This is an SS recruiting poster. I'm not sure of the date. It says one can join at 18, and sign up for shorter or longer periods of service. It gives the address of the recruiting office in Munich. Germany - This looks to be a late-war recruiting poster for the SS, a time at which the Nazis were recruiting younger and younger soldiers. The caption doesn't translate directly, but means: "Enlist now!" Unification It is important for any government in war that all the people be united in the war effort. Even black people and women were targeted by propaganda in the United States. How might this create lasting effects after the war? More Homefront Propaganda War Bonds weren’t the only way a person could help in the effort. As men left to fight, women took over the jobs in the factories. Rosie Riveter is one of the most popular posters ever created in the United States. Think about what the arm symbolizes. What about her facial appearance/expression? United States Propaganda U.S. Homefront Propaganda When the United States finally entered the war, it was Total War. Everyone was affected and as many resources possible went to the war effort. Buy War Bonds! What is being symbolized here? Think about how fear can be used in propaganda. Notice the two unknowing kids and the oldest who seems to be looking at something up in the sky. Saving Gas Nazi Propaganda Women’s Roles in Germany -The Germans worked to gather as much old material for the war effort as possible. This poster is for a 1943 clothing drive. The text translates as: "Get rid of old cloth and shoes!” Any similarities between German and American propaganda? What does her appearance suggest about what Germans value? More Desperate Propaganda Women - Late in the war. The text translates as: "Mothers! Fight for your children!" Note that the mother portrayed has four children, consistent with the Nazi goal of encouraging as many births as possible. Interesting how every side says God is on our side. In Germany, Hitler is shown ordained by God, but in America, the portrayal is quite different. Who is right? Research 1. Compare Art during WWI and WWII (PPT) 2. Jiang Jieshi 3. Mao Zedong 4. The Nuremberg Tribunal