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Chapter 6 European powers compete for colonies Nationalism increased in Europe. Arms races develop Hostile alliances form. World War I Allies defeat central powers Old empires break up Europe is economically devastated League of Nations is formed U.S. becomes economic giant Treaty’s harsh treatment of Germany helps lead to WWII President Wilson was opposed to imperialism. He wanted a world free from revolution and war. He refused to recognize the new Mexican government led by General Victoriano Huerta, who had seized power. Wilson sent U.S. marines to Mexico to overthrow Huerta. When Anti-American riots broke out in Mexico, Wilson was forced to accept international mediation over the dispute. Venustiano Carranza was made Mexico’s president. His Mexican policy ultimately damaged U.S. foreign relations. How might alliances cause tension between nations? 1860s, Prussia began a series of wars in order to unite the German states. Nationalism = intense pride in one’s country Self-determination= the idea that people who belong to a nation should have their own country and government. Balkans – groups within the Ottoman and AustroHungarian Empires began to seek independence. 1871 Germany united, enemies with France Germany formed the Triple Alliance with AustriaHungary and Italy. Great Britain began an arms race with Germany in early 1900s. Britain joined with France and Russia, forming the Triple Entente. Russia and France formed the Franco-Prussian Alliance Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by a Bosnian revolutionary. Austria declared war on Serbia. Germany and France became locked in a stalemate along hundreds of miles of trenches (3 years). Germany declared war on Russia, then France. Wilson declared the US neutral. He did not want to be pulled into a foreign war. Americans began showing support for one side or the other with many immigrants supporting their homelands. Wilson’s cabinet was Pr0-British. British used propaganda to gain American support. Companies in the US had strong ties to the allied cause. Many banks loaned $ to allies. As a result, American prosperity was tied to the war ($ only paid back if Allies won). The British cut transatlantic telegraph cable from Europe to the United States to limit news about the war to mainly British communication. Outrageous reports about German war atrocities convinced many Americans to support the Allies. Germany deployed U-boats to get around British blockades of supplies. Germany threatened to sink any ship that entered the waters around Britain. The Lusitania, a British passenger liner, was hit by the Germans, killing almost 1200 passengers – including 128 Americans. The US instructed Germany to stop U-boat strikes. Germany made the Sussex Pledge to stop sinking merchant ships (they wanted to keep the US out of the war). A German official, Arthur Zimmerman, cabled the German ambassador in Mexico, proposing that Mexico ally itself with Germany. In return, Mexico would regain territory it had earlier lost to the US. The Zimmerman telegram was intercepted by British intelligence and leaked to American newspapers. February 1917 – Germany went back to unrestricted submarine warfare and sank 6 American merchant ships. April 6, 1917 – The US declared war against Germany. The government passes out propaganda through the Committee on Public Information to unite public opinion behind the war effort. The CPI ran a full-page add in the popular magazine the Saturday Evening post, asking American citizens to notify the Justice Department if they encountered, “the man who spreads the pessimistic stories…cries for peace, or belittled our efforts to win the war.” Selective Service – resulted in about 2.8 million Americans being drafted. Men between 21-30 had to register to be drafted for war. A lottery randomly decided the order they served. African American soldiers faced discrimination and prejudice within the army, where they served in segregated units. WWI was the first war in which women officially served. The navy enlisted 11,000 women, whose jobs included clerics, pharmacists, and photographers. The army did not enlist women, but hired them as temporary employees. Army nurses were the only women to go overseas during the war. Trench Foot One Allied report recounted that many trenches were “waist deep in mud and ice water, which clogged a large number of rifles and rendered them useless.” The wet conditions encouraged diseases such as trench foot, which rotted away the foot’s skin and usually led to amputation. Rats invaded the dank and cramped trenches at night, and feasted by day on the dead that lay outside the trenches. The trenches were also filled with the bodies of dead soldiers. One Allied soldier remembered, “the bottom of the trench was springy like a mattress because of all the dead bodies underneath. At night, the stench was worse, we tied material around our mouths and noses…the flies entered the trenches at night and lined them completely with a density which was like moving cloth.” 1917 – War Industries Board was created to coordinate the production of war materials. The Food Administration was responsible for increasing food production while reducing consumption. Director Hoover asked people to plant victory gardens to raise their own vegetables. The Fuel Administration encouraged people to conserve coal and oil. Daylight savings time was introduced to conserve energy. The government sold Liberty Bonds and Victory Bonds to raise $ for the war. National War Labor Board (1918) – in exchange for wage increases, an 8-hour workday, and the right to organize and bargain collectively, labor leaders agreed not to disrupt labor production with a strike. Women took positions in shipping, manufacturing, and railroads. Women returned to old roles after the men returned from war. The war stopped the flow of immigrants, which allowed African Americans to find wartime jobs. Between 300,000 and 500,000 left the South to settle in the North. This “Great Migration” changed the racial makeup of many Northern cities. Many Mexicans moved north, providing labor for farms and ranches in the American Southwest. Mexicans also moved to cities to take wartime factory jobs. They faced discrimination and hostility from Americans. (spying to acquire government information) Set up consequences for people who aided the enemy. The Sedition Act of 1918 went a step further by making it illegal to criticize the president or the government. Suspicions of disloyalty led to the mistreatment of German Americans. Anti-German feelings sometimes led to violence. Radical labor activists, socialists, pacifists, and anyone appearing disloyal also came under attack. 1919 the Supreme Court ruled limiting an individual’s freedom of Speech if the words spoken constituted a “clear and present danger.” Work with a partner to complete the following questions: What were the Espionage and Sedition Acts? 2. Were the Espionage and Sedition Acts a violation of civil liberties? Why or why not? 3. What was the Supreme Court’s decision in Schenck v. The United States? 4. Was the Supreme Court wrong? Why or why not? 1. Soldiers dug trenches as protection from modern weapons. “no man’s land” was the space between the trenches. Soldiers would charge the enemy by scrambling out of trenches. This inefficient military strategy made soldiers easy targets. By 1917 WWI had claimed millions of European lives. Americans believed their troops could bring the war to a quick end. Poison gas caused vomiting, blindness, and suffocation. Tanks were unsuccessful. Airplanes dropped small bombs and engaged in air battles. “Doughboys” was a nickname for American soldiers. In September 1918, American General Pershing put together the most massive attack in American history, causing one German position after another to fall to the advancing American troops. In November 11, 1918, Germany finally signed an armistice, or cease-fire, that ended the war. January 1919 – leaders of the allied nations met to resolve issues caused by war. Eliminating the causes of war through free trade and disarmament, open diplomacy instead of secret agreements, and the right to self-determination. Required the evacuation of the central powers from all countries invaded during the war. 14th point known as the League of Nations, called for member nations to help preserve the peace and prevent future wars. Other Allied governments felt that Wilson’s plan was too lenient toward Germany. The Treaty of Versailles, signed by Germany, weakened Wilson’s proposal. The treaty stripped Germany of its armed forces and made it pay reparations, or war damages to the Allies. Rapid inflation increased the cost of living (food, clothing, shelter, other essentials) General strikes – strikes that involved all workers living in a certain location – worried Americans because they were common in Europe by communists and other radicals. In the summer of 1919, race riots occurred in many Northern cities. They were caused by the return of hundreds of thousands of American soldiers who needed to find employment. African Americans, who moved North to work, were now competing for the same jobs as the soldiers. The worst violence occurred in Chicago where whites and African Americans entered each other’s neighborhoods and attacked one another. This lasted almost 2 weeks. Americans associated communism with disloyalty and unpatriotic behavior. Numerous strikes in 1919 made Americans fear that communists “reds” might take over. Mail bombs General Intelligence Division (FBI today) was set up by A. Mitchell Palmer. Headed by J. Edgar Hoover. Palmer organized raids on various radical organizations and deported immigrants. Warren G. Harding won the election of 1920 with a campaign that called for a return to “normalcy”, or a return to similar days before the Progressive Era reforms.