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WindowMaster Building
WindowMaster
office building
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring
Conclusions
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Architect of the renovation project: KHR A/S
Building presentation (1...)
WindowMaster
office building
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring
Conclusions
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Building presentation (2...)
WindowMaster
office building
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring

WindowMaster:
 WindowMaster is a company within the VELUX Group
 WindowMaster is working on the development of electrical and
electronic products for the operation and automatic control of
windows
 The office building is located in Vedbæk, about 20 kilometres
north of Copenhagen City in a quiet environment.

The building:
 The building, built some 30 years ago, is a factory building
renovated in 1995
 There are three storeys
 The basement, only partly below ground, holds various
storerooms, workshops and the canteen
 The offices are on the ground floor and first floor
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Building presentation (3...)
WindowMaster
office building
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring
N
Entrance and
main staircase
Spiral staircase
between floors
West facade
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East facade
Open plan offices
Building presentation (4...)
WindowMaster
office building
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring
The west facade with
basement, ground floor
and first floor.
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The east facade
with ground floor
and first floor.
Building presentation (5...)
WindowMaster
office building
The entrance, the reception and the main staircase
are located in a separate glass construction
attached to the west facade of the office building.
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring
The doors leading from the staircase to the
individual floors are, for security reasons, provided
with combination locks and remain closed at all
times.
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The first floor (the top floor) consists
of three open plan offices and a
number of cellular offices.
Each open plan office has a floor
area of about 100 m² and 8 to 12
workplaces.
NatVent
Building presentation (6|)
WindowMaster
office building
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring

Of the total floor area of 2.000 m², some 1.000 m2 (50%) is used for offices
and meeting rooms. Offices and meeting rooms are located on the ground
floor and first floor.

Building materials:
 The facades of the building are brickwork
 Roof and horizontal divisions are concrete
 Internal walls are light gypsum boards and there are light false ceilings
 The thermal mass of the building can be characterised as medium

The building was renovated in 1995.
 The principal elements in the renovation were exchange of the
existing windows with motorised VELFAC windows and a complete
renewal of the interior.
 During the renovation, preparations were made so that in the future
fully centralised controls could be installed of all openings in the
building with automatic controls for internal solar shading.
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Ventilation system (1)
WindowMaster
office building
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring

The outdoor air supply in the offices is based on the occupants use of both:
 1. ordinary openable windows and
 2. smaller openings positioned above these ordinary windows.
On the first floor (the top floor) two openable roof lights are provided in
order to facilitate air exhaust utilising natural driving forces. The roof lights
are located near the staircases. From the ceiling to the roof light there is a
short stack.

Control of the openings:
 All openings are equipped with motors.
 The motors are activated via keypads in control panels located near the
windows.
 At the moment, all openings are controlled by the occupants. The
wiring and the low-voltage electrical installations have been designed
and laid out so that in the future full centralised automatic control of all
openings in the building can be installed.
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Ventilation system (2...)
WindowMaster
office building
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring
The ventilation system is
based on cross ventilation
& stack effect.
Openable
windows
Roof lights
Small ventilation
glazing above
windows
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Pictures of ventilation devices se next slides  ...
Ventilation technology (3...)
offices
WindowMaster
office building
In the offices there are manually operated
motorised windows. The actuators are
built into the window frames
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring
Conclusions
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Also the internal blinds
are manually operated
and motorised.
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Keypads located in control panels near the windows are
used for operating the windows and internal blinds.
Ventilation technology (4...)
offices
WindowMaster
office building
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring
There are small windows above
the main windows. They provide
ventilation and are operated by
actuators.
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Small ventilation
glazing seen from
the outside.
Ventilation technology (5...)
roof lights
WindowMaster
office building
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring
Conclusions
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N
Openable
roof lights
Roof light near the northern
staircase as seen from below.
The roof lights are placed at the
apex of small chimneys - cross
sectional area about 0.6 m2 and
length about 1 m.
Chimney and roof light at the southern spiral
staircase as seen from the top floor landing.
Ventilation strategy (6...)
WindowMaster
office building

Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring
At the present time the indoor conditions are not controlled automatically.
So control depends on the occupants:

Thermal summer comfort
The occupants can reduce the risk on overheating by:
– Ventilating the building intensively by opening the windows
(when Text < Tint). However this is only possible during the day:
for security reasons, all of the windows in the building close at
18.00 hrs. In theory after 18.00hrs, only the smaller openings
above the windows can be operated. When the building is
empty a special security system ensures that all windows are
closed.
– Internal Venetian blinds are used to reduce the solar gains.

During office hours Indoor Air Quality (in winter and summertime)
can be controlled by opening the windows.
Conclusions
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Ventilation strategy (7|)
WindowMaster
office building
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring
Remark:
 In addition to providing a comfortable indoor climate, WindowMaster aim
to use their building to test their own products and various control
strategies.
As preliminary test of the system would involve leaving the ventilation
openings open for a period of 30 minutes around midnight and also in
early morning before the occupants would arrive.
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Monitoring set-up
WindowMaster
office building
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring

Investigated offices

Four offices on the first floor (top floor)
were chosen for the monitoring





Office 1: 15 m2 cellular office
Office 2: 15 m2 cellular office
Office 3: 15 m2 cellular office
Office 4: 100 m2 open plan office, 8
persons
Offices 1 and 2 are facing west, office 3 is
facing east. Office 4 is full building depth.
Office 1
Office 2
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Office 3

In the building, smoking is only
permitted on the landings in the
southern staircase
It proved difficult to obtain reliable
results from tracer gas
measurements in office 4.
Therefore, measurements from
office 4 comprise exclusively CO,
CO2, temperature and relative
humidity results
Office 4
Summer monitoring (1...)
Indoor (average of 4 offices) & outdoor
temperatures for a three months period
WindowMaster
office building
35
30
Tint.
25
20
Text.
15
10
NatVent
Mon 29.09.97
Mon 22.09.97
Mon 15.09.97
Mon 08.09.97
Mon 01.09.97
Mon 25.08.97
Mon 18.08.97
Mon 11.08.97
Mon 04.08.97
Mon 28.07.97
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0
Mon 21.07.97
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5
Mon 14.07.97
Conclusions
The internal temperatures are often >
25°C and sometimes > 28°C.
Mon 07.07.97
Temperature [°C]
Presentation
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Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring
Summer monitoring (2...)
results of measurements in office 3
NatVent
25
20
15
10
Text.
5
Fri 05.09.97
Thu 04.09.97
Wed 03.09.97
Tue 02.09.97
weekend
Mon 01.09.97
0
Air Supply
Sun 31.08.97
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The use of intensive ventilation is quite irregular.
However, there is no ventilation at weekend and
mostly only limited ventilation at night.
Tint.
Sat 30.08.97
More
information...
30
Fri 29.08.97
Conclusions
35
Thu 28.08.97
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring
Temperature [°C], Air supply [l·s-1 ·m-2 ]
WindowMaster
office building
Summer monitoring (3...)
results of measurements in office 3
WindowMaster
office building
NatVent
500
40
400
Tint.
30
300
20
200
Air Supply
10
Fri 05.09.97
Thu 04.09.97
Wed 03.09.97
Tue 02.09.97
Mon 01.09.97
Sun 31.08.97
0
100
weekend
0
CO2 concentration [ppm]
CO2-conc.
50
Sat 30.08.97
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600
Fri 29.08.97
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60
Thu 28.08.97
Conclusions
The air supply during the office hours is very high (intensive ventilation > 20 l/sm²). This leads to very
low CO2 -concentration max.550 ppm (= far below the limit concentration of 1200ppm)
Temperature [°C], Air supply [l·s-1 ·m-2 ]
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring
Summer monitoring (4...)
Questionnaires
WindowMaster
office building
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring
Conclusions
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In addition to the measurements, the occupants filled in two questionnaires
concerning their views on various environmental conditions in their
office. One questionnaire concerned the summer season in general
and the other concerned one week in particular (in the summer
season), namely the one in which the questionnaires were handed out.
Each occupant indicated his/her rating of each of the conditions
(temperature, air movement etc.) through placing vertical marks on
dimensionless, horizontal lines of equal length ranging from most
positive (comfortable, fresh etc.) to most negative (uncomfortable,
stuffy etc.). The rating is quantified by measuring (in millimetres) the
distance along each line from most positive to the occupant’s mark.
For practical purposes, the ratings have been converted into the range
0-100.
The next slide summarises the ratings concerning the summer season in
general.
NatVent
Summer monitoring (5...)
Questionnaires
WindowMaster
office building
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring
Conclusions
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Averages of about 40 occupants ratings of various environmental
conditions in their office during the summer season
0
20
Temperature
Temperature
Comfortable
Air
movement
Air
movement
Comfortable
Air quality
Air quality
Fresh
Odour intensity
Odour
intensity
Odourless
Acceptability
Acceptability
Acceptable 21
Light
Light
Satisfactory
Noise
Noise
Satisfactory
Overall comfort
Overall
comfort
Satisfactory
NatVent
40
60
48
45
29
80
100
Uncomfortable
Uncomfortable
Stuffy
27
Smelly
Not acceptable
29
Unsatisfactory
43
32
Unsatisfactory
Unsatisfactory
Summer monitoring (6|)
Findings
WindowMaster
office building
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring

Thermal summer comfort:
 During a two week period in the month of August, the indoor
temperature (average of simultaneous recordings in four offices) was
constantly above 25°C. On extreme days the indoor temperature
peaked close to 30°C.
 Nevertheless, generally acceptable room temperatures are found
during a greater part of the summer.

The summer comfort could be further improved by:
 ventilating the building during the night to cool down the thermal mass
 installing an (automatically controlled) external shading devices
(instead of internal blinds)

CO2 level and mean air velocity are well below critical limits.

The overall picture obtained from the questionnaire is that the occupants
are generally satisfied with the indoor environment.
Conclusions
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Winter monitoring (1...)
Indoor (average of 4 offices) & outdoor
temperature during a two months period
WindowMaster
office building
30
Tint.
25
20
15
10
Mon 05.01.98
Mon 29.12.97
Mon 22.12.97
Mon 15.12.97
Mon 08.12.97
Mon 01.12.97
Text.
Mon 24.11.97
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-5
Mon 17.11.97
0
NatVent
All windows
open by mistake
5
Conclusions
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The internal
temperatures are
between 18 - 22°C
Mon 10.11.97
Temperature [°C]
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring
Winter monitoring (2...)
results of measurements in office 2
WindowMaster
office building
NatVent
40
1200
Tint.
30
900
20
600
300
0
Wed 17.12.97
Mon 15.12.97
Sun 14.12.97
Sat 13.12.97
Fri 12.12.97
Thu 11.12.97
0
Tue 16.12.97
All windows
open by
mistake
Air
supply.
10
CO2 concentration [ppm]
Indoor
CO2-conc.
Wed 10.12.97
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1500
Tue 09.12.97
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50
Mon 08.12.97
Conclusions
The air supply during the office hours is sufficient  On the whole the IAQ is acceptable (CO2 -conc.
generally below 1200ppm.). The air supply outside office hours is not zero, due to test (see further …)
Temperature [°C], Air supply [l·s-1 ·m-2 ]
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring
Winter monitoring (3...)
Questionnaires
WindowMaster
office building
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring
Conclusions
More
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In addition to the measurements, the occupants filled in two questionnaires
concerning their views on various environmental conditions in their
office. One questionnaire concerned the winter season in general
and the other concerned one week in particular (in the winter
season), namely the one in which the questionnaires were handed out.
Each occupant indicated his/her rating of each of the conditions
(temperature, air movement etc.) through placing vertical marks on
dimensionless, horizontal lines of equal length ranging from most
positive (comfortable, fresh etc.) to most negative (uncomfortable,
stuffy etc.). The rating is quantified by measuring (in millimetres) the
distance along each line from most positive to the occupant’s mark.
For practical purposes, the ratings have been converted into the range
0-100.
The next slide summarises the ratings concerning the winter season in
general.
NatVent
Winter monitoring (4...)
Questionnaires
WindowMaster
office building
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring
Averages of about 25 occupants ratings of various
environmental conditions in their office during the winter season
Conclusions
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0
20
40
60
80
100
Temperature
Temperature
Comfortable
35
Air
movement
Air
movement
Comfortable
39
Uncomfortable
Air quality
Air quality
Fresh
40
Stuffy
Odour intensity
Odour
intensity
Odourless
Acceptability
Acceptability
Acceptable
Light
Light
Satisfactory
Noise
Noise
Satisfactory
Overall comfort
Overall
comfort
Satisfactory
Uncomfortable
28
Smelly
31
Not acceptable
24
Unsatisfactory
40
33
Unsatisfactory
Unsatisfactory
Winter monitoring (5|)
Findings
WindowMaster
office building
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring

The winter indoor climate can be considered as comfortable:
During occupancy the indoor temperature in the offices reached about
22 ºC, the CO2 concentration 800-1000 ppm and in office 2, given here
as an example, the outdoor air supply equalled air change rates of 2-5
times per hour during the office hours.

Normally the ventilation rate is zero outside the office hours (to reduce
energy losses). During the measurements WindowMaster tested a
control strategy which included opening of the windows at midnight for
30 minutes. One effect, which can be seen from the charts, is that the
CO2 concentration is at its minimum just after midnight.

Indications are given that the occupants rated the indoor environment to
be more on the comfortable side in the winter-time than in the summertime.
Conclusions
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Conclusions (1...)
WindowMaster
office building
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring
Findings from summer-time monitoring

Thermal summer comfort:
 During a two week period in the month of August, the indoor
temperature (average of simultaneous recordings in four offices) was
constantly above 25°C. On extreme days the indoor temperature
peaked close to 30°C.
 Nevertheless, generally acceptable room temperatures are found
during a greater part of the summer.

The summer comfort could be further improved by:
 ventilating the building during the night to cool down the thermal mass
 installing an (automatically controlled) external shading devices
(instead of internal blinds)

The overall picture obtained from the questionnaire is that the occupants
are generally satisfied with the indoor environment.
Conclusions
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Conclusions (2|)
WindowMaster
office building
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring
Findings from winter-time monitoring

The winter indoor climate can be considered as comfortable:
During occupancy the indoor temperature in the offices reached about
22 ºC, the CO2 concentration 800-1000 ppm and in office 2, given here as
an example, the outdoor air supply equalled air change rates of 2-5 times
per hour during the office hours.

Normally the ventilation rate is zero outside the office hours (to reduce
energy losses). During the measurements WindowMaster tested a control
strategy which included opening of the windows at midnight for 30
minutes. One effect, which can be seen from the charts, is that the CO2
concentration is at its minimum just after midnight.

Indications are given that the occupants rated the indoor environment to
be more on the comfortable side in the winter-time than in the summertime.
Conclusions
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More information...
WindowMaster
office building
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
setup
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring
Find more information on the PROBE building in the following documents:
\Reports \Monitoring Reports \Summary Reports\dk3summ.pdf
 global presentation of the buildings (4p./building)
 contents: building description - ventilation strategy and technology winter and summer monitoring results - conclusions
\Reports \Monitoring Reports \Detailed Reports\dk3det.pdf
 detailed reports of all 19 monitoring campaigns (20p./campaign)
 contents: monitoring set up - analysis of results - conclusions
Conclusions
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You can read and print pdf-files with the Acrobat® Reader
®3.0. Program. This program is free.
Download it from the Acrobat web site: www.adobe.com OR
run the installation file ar32e301(1).exe in the directory
\Installation