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Chapter 4
Tissues
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Tissues
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4 basic types:
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Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
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Epithelial Tissue
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Cells lie close together in continuous sheets
with little extracellular material
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Cover surfaces and line cavities; always a free
(apical) surface
Forms glands
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Basement membrane of connective tissue
Has no blood vessels (avascular)
Has a nerve supply
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Has a high capacity for cell division
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Categories- Table 4.1
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Arrangement of cells in layers
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Simple: 1 layer of cells
Stratified: more than 1 layer of cells
Cell Shapes
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Squamous - flat
Cuboidal - squares
Columnar - rectangle
Transitional - change shape
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Simple Squamous Epithelium
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Single layer flat cells
Important for filtration (kidneys) or diffusion
(lungs, capillaries)
Called endothelium when lining heart, blood
and lymphatic vessels
Called mesothelium when in serous
membranes
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Simple Squamous Epithelium
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Simple Squamous Epithelium
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Simple Squamous Epithelium
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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
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Single layer - Cube shaped cells
Rounded nuclei
function in secretion & absorption in kidneys
cover ovaries
function in secretion in glands
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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
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Simple Columnar Epithelium
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Single layer rectangle shaped cells
cilated or noncilated
• all nuclei near basement membrane
• intestine - microvilli
• increases surface area for absorption
• often have goblet cells – secrete mucus
• line uterus, stomach, etc. – protects underlying tissues,
secretes digestive fluids, & absorbs nutrients
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Simple Columnar Epithelium
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Pseudostratified Columnar
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Appears stratified; nuclei at various levels
• often have cilia & goblet cells – line & sweep debris
from respiratory tubes
• female reproductive tract cilia aid in moving eggs
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Pseudostratified Columnar
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium
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Apical layer cells are flat
Deep layers vary from cuboidal to columnar
Cells in basal layer divide and move upward
toward apical surface
Found in areas of surface wear and tear
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium
• protect underlying layers
• can accumulate keratin in outer layer
• outer layer of skin
• line oral cavity (mouth), throat, vagina, and anal canal
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium
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Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
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Rare
2-3 layers of cube-shaped cells
line ducts of mammary glands, sweat
glands, salivary glands, and the pancreas
Several layers provide greater protection
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Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
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Stratified Columnar Epithelium
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Rare
top layer elongated cells
cube-shaped cells in deeper layers
line vas deferens, male urethra, and part
of pharynx
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Stratified Columnar Epithelium
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Transitional Epithelium
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cells can stretch
cube-shaped and elongated cells
Designed to distend & return to normal
size
line urinary bladder, ureters, and part of
urethra
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Transitional Epithelium
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Glandular Epithelium
cells that are specialized to produce and secrete substances
Endocrine glands are ductless
Exocrine glands have ducts
Unicellular
• composed of one cell (goblet cell)
Multicellular
• composed of many cells
• sweat glands, salivary glands, etc.
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Glandular Epithelium-Endocrine
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Structural Types of
Exocrine Glands
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Types of Glandular Secretions
Merocrine glands
Apocrine glands
• fluid product exocytosis
• salivary glands
• pancreas
•sweat glands
• cellular product
• portions of cells
• mammary glands
• ceruminous glands
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Holocrine glands
• secretory products
• whole cells
• sebaceous glands
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Glandular Epithelium-Exocrine
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Glandular Epithelium-Exocrine
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Connective Tissue
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Most abundant tissue type
typically found between other tissues
Small cells far apart with large amount of
extracellular material (matrix)
Has good blood supply
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exception: cartilage - avascular
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Connective Tissue Cells
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Fibroblasts:
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Macrophages:
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Secrete fibers
Engulf bacteria and cell debris - phagocytosis
Plasma cells:
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Make antibodies
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Connective Tissue Cells
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Mast cells:
 Part of an inflammatory reaction:
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produce histamine - dilates blood vessels
Adipocytes:
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fat cells
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energy
provide protection
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Extracellular Matrix
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Fluid, gel or solid + protein fibers
found between cells and fibers
Fibers: 3 types
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Collagen fibers: very strong and flexible
Elastic fibers: smaller stretch and return to
original length
Reticular fibers: provide support and strength
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Found in basement membranes
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Connective Tissue
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Loose Areolar Connective Tissue
• mainly fibroblasts
• fluid to gel-like matrix
• collagenous fibers
• elastic fibers
• bind skin to structures
• beneath most epithelia
• between muscles
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Areola Connective Tissue
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Adipose Tissue
• cushions
• insulates
• store fats
• beneath skin
• behind eyes
• around kidneys and heart
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Adipose Tissue
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Reticular Connective Tissue
composed of reticular fibers
supports walls of liver, spleen, lymphatic organs
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Reticular Connective Tissue
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Dense Regular Connective Tissue
• packed collagenous fibers
• elastic fibers
• few fibroblasts
• bind body parts together
• tendons, ligaments, dermis
• poor blood supply
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Dense Regular Connective Tissue
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Elastic Connective Tissue
• abundant in elastic fibers
• some collagenous fibers
• fibroblasts
• attachments between vertebrae
• walls of large arteries, airways, heart
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Elastic Connective Tissue
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Cartilage
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Dense network of collagen and elastic fibers
Stronger than dense fibrous connective tissue
Cells: chondrocytes
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Very few; occur singularly or in groups
Found in spaces called lacunae
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Has no blood vessels or nerves
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rigid matrix
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Classification: Cartilage
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Types
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Hyaline:
Fibrocartilage:
Elastic:
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Hyaline Cartilage
appears clear because fibers are not easily visible
• most abundant
• ends of bones
• nose, respiratory passages
• embryonic skeleton
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Hyaline Cartilage
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Fibrocartilage
fibers visible
Strongest type
shock absorber
• intervertebral discs
• pads of knee and pelvic girdle
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Fibrocartilage
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Elastic Cartilage
chondrocytes in threadlike elastic network
• flexible
• external ear, larynx
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Elastic Cartilage
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Bone: Osseous Tissue
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Forms most of the skeleton
Supports, protects, and allows movements
site of blood formation and storage of
minerals
Solid matrix made rigid by calcium and
phosphorus salts
osteocytes (mature bone cell) in lacunae
(hollow space)
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Liquid Connective Tissue
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Blood: found within blood vessels
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Matrix is plasma (fluid)
Cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
transports
defends
clotting
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Liquid Connective Tissue
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Lymph: found within lymph vessels
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Matrix is lymph: similar to plasma but with much
less protein
Some white blood cells
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Body Membranes: Four Types
Mucous membranes: line body cavities
and passageways open to the exterior
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Secrete mucus
Serous membranes: line closed cavities
and surrounds organs located there
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Serous fluid reduces friction
Parietal and visceral layers
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Pleura, pericardium, peritoneum
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Body Membranes: Four Types
3. Synovial membranes: line cavities of
most joints
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Made of connective tissues (no epithelium)
Secrete synovial fluid that reduces friction
and lubricates and nourishes cartilage
4. Cutaneous membranes: skin (chapter 5)
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Muscular Tissue
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Functions
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Cells
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Produce movements, release heat
Elongated, contractile (muscle fibers)
Three Types
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2.
3.
Skeletal muscle:
Cardiac muscle:
Smooth muscle:
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Skeletal Muscle
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attached to bones
striated
voluntary
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Smooth Muscle
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walls of organs
skin
walls of blood
vessels
involuntary
not striated
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Cardiac Muscle
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Intercalated disks
Striated
Not voluntary
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Nervous Tissue
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Functions: conduct nerve impulses
Types of cells
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Neurons: convert stimuli into nerve impulses and
conduct them
Neuroglia: do not generate nerve impulses, serve
supportive functions
• found in brain, spinal cord, and peripheral
nerves
• sensory reception
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Nervous Tissues
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Tissue Repair
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Epithelial cells originate from stem cells in
defined areas of tissue layer
Bone regenerates readily, cartilage poorly
Muscular tissue can replace cells but slowly
Nerve tissue is poorest at replacement
although some stem cells seem to be
available
Replacement  scar tissue with functional
loss.
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Tissue and Organ Sourcing
Histocompatability: ABO/Rh; HLA (Human
Leukocyte Antigens)
Autograft (Autologous) – Auto = self
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Use your own tissue
No rejection
Isograft (Isologous) – Iso = equal
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Use tissue from an identical twin
First Kidney Transplant – Dec 23, 1954
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Allograft (Allogenic) – Allo = Different
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Use tissue from a different person
Rejection – may need immunosuppression
Xenograft (Xenologous) – Xeno =
Foreign
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Use tissue from a different species
Biocompatible/Biodegradable material –
inert = not rejected (no immune
response)
5.
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Plastic, titanium, aluminum, gortex
Used as scaffold in tissue engineering
1938 – Growing organs in laboratory
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What causes rejection? Immune
Response:
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Host v. Graft – most rejections
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Host rejects the transplanted tissue
Graft v. Host – some rejections
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Transplanted tissue rejects the host
GVHD (Graft Versus Host Disease)
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Bone marrow transplants/Face transplants
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Donor Cell or Tissue Sources: Donation
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Stem Cells –
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Embryonic Stems/Adult Stems
iPS (induced Pluripotent Stem – made from skin)
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Clinical Application
Collagen Disorders
Chondrodysplasia
Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa
• collagen chains too wide
• stunted growth
• deformed joints
• breakdown of collagen that attaches
skin layers
• stretchy skin
• lax joints
Hereditary osteoarthritis
• change in amino acid in
collagen
• painful joints
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