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Mediterranean Civilizations • Mediterranean Sea: the sea that is surrounded by Europe to the north, Africa to the south, Asia to the east, Straits of Gibraltar to west (opening to the Atlantic) Phoenician Sea Power • Phoenicia: Mediterranean seafaring civilization • Created an empire throughout Mediterranean • Tyre was their major city Phoenician Sea Power • Made profit from trading sea snails that made purple/blue dye • Thrived from about 1100 – 800 BCE • Kept other people from sailing Mediterranean by telling tales of sea monsters Phoenician Sea Power • Brought items from throughout the Mediterranean to their cities. • Exotic items sold in bazaars • Alphabet: set of symbols meant to represent sounds • Phoenicians used alphabet of 22 letters to conduct trade; earliest alphabet Rise of the Israelites • Polytheism: Belief in many gods • Monotheism: Belief in one god • Israelites were monotheistic • Early Israelites were shepherds & merchants Rise of the Israelites • South of Phoenicia a group called the Hebrews settled in the Jordan Valley • Later called Israelites • Israelites=Jews=Hebrews • Much of their history is told through the Hebrew Bible, the Torah Rise of the Israelites • Abraham was an early leader • Abraham took Israelites from Mesopotamia to the land of Canaan • He convinced them to believe in ONE god. • Famine: a time where there is not enough to eat, and people starve • Famine forced Israelites to leave Canaan and move to Egypt Rise of the Israelites • Israelites stayed in Egypt for a few hundred years • Pharaoh: “King” of Egypt • Pharaoh forced them into slave labor • Prophet: a religious leader or teacher Rise of the Israelites • Israelite leader/prophet, Moses led them out of Egypt in the EXODUS (Israelite “retreat” from Egypt) • They wandered the Sinai Peninsula for 40 years • Torah says that God gave Moses the Ten Commandments, a set of laws Canaan Sinai Peninsula Egypt Rise of the Israelites • After Exodus, they returned to Canaan • Began farming and built cities • King David established capital in Jerusalem • Jerusalem will become a holy city for Jews (Israelites), Christians, and Rise of the Israelites • The Israelites’ faith becomes known as Judaism (Jewish faith) • They believed in one true god who was present everywhere, knew everything, and had complete power • Believed that all people (even kings) were equal in before God Rise of the Israelites • Kingdom later split into two parts • Northern area was called Israel • Southern was called Judah • Assyrians invaded and took over Judah Rise of the Israelites • Exile: to force people to live in another place or country • Israelites resisted Assyrian control; thousands were exiled to other places in empire • 612 BCE, Chaldean Babylonians conquered Assyria and Judah Rise of the Israelites • 587 BCE, king of Judah rebelled against the Babylonians • Babylonian king, Nebuchadnezzar punished the Israelites by destroying Jerusalem and exile many to Babylonia • The Romans took over region later; they drove Israelites out between 100 – 300 AD Rise of the Israelites • The Roman exile forced the Jews to resettle throughout the world • In the 1940s AD modern Israelites came back to the Eastern Mediterranean and created the modern country of Israel • Judaism had a strong influence on two modern monotheistic religions: Christianity and Islam