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Transcript
Mr. Gleason Cambridge-South Dor. Cambridge, MD A View of Egypt by Satellite Begins in the middle of Africa and extends north for 4,100 miles Mediterranean Sea Delta = Lower Egypt Place where important cities developed Red Sea The Fertile Nile Valley The River rose in the Summer and reached its highest point in September and October Blessed with natural barriersdeserts, Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Rapids on the Nile Once water receded, black mud was left that was rich and fertile “BLACK LAND” The Annual Flooding of the Nile “The Miracle” Nile Irrigation-the Shaduf The shaduf, the water-lifting device allowing farmers to irrigate canals during the dry summer. A Noria, buckets attached to a waterwheel. Another device to lift water. They constructed a network of irrigation systems that directed water onto different parts of land to saturate the land. Click on me: http://www.historyforkids.org/crafts/egypt/shaduf.htm Ancient Egyptian History Periods Time Frame Nile Culture Begins Archaic Old Kingdom Middle Kingdom New Kingdom 3900 B. C. E. 3100 – 2650 B. C. E. 2650 – 2134 B. C. E. 2040 – 1640 B. C. E. 1550 – 1070 B. C. E. Late Period Greek Ptolemaic Era 750 – 332 B. C. E. 332 – 30 B. C. E. Roman Period 30 B. C. E. – 395 C. E. Menes: Unifier of Upper & Lower Egypt For a long time, Menes was considered to be as imaginary as the Gods. Some historians believe that the Sphinx was a monument dedicated to Menes. c. 3050 B. C. E. ? Archeologists found Menes wearing the crown of Upper and Lower Egypt. Dynasty – family of rulers whose right to rule is passed on within the family. Menes: King who united Upper and Lower Egypt creating the first dynasty Ancient Egyptian Housing Middle Class Homes Peasant Homes Scenes of Ancient Egyptian Daily Life Young boys and girls married very young: Girls-12 ; Boys-14 Monogamy was the general rule, although a husband could take another wife if childless Most careers were closed to women, but some did operate businesses. Parents arranged marriages; chief concern was to produce children Many love poems have been excavated and it can be seen that some marriages did have the element of romance. Making Ancient Egyptian Beer Beer = Staple drink; enjoyed by poor and wealthy The Bread was made, lightly baked, torn into pieces, and strained through a sieve with water. Flavor was added by dates and stored in large jars for fermentation. Making Beer = Traditionally a woman’s task made from yeast filled bread Beer = Offerings to Gods, used as money for wages, beer given in rations What action is happening based on all these hieroglyphics? What action did the hieroglyphics represent? Making Ancient Egyptian Wine It also was used as a mild antiseptic , as cough syrup , as an appetite-restorer , for quelling fevers, dressing wounds , and “releasing a child from the belly of a woman ,” i.e for sedating the woman in birth. Wine was believed to have divine qualities. Ancient wine was not only made from grapes, but fruits such as figs, pomegranates, dates, figs, and palm. Made exclusively for royalty and the elite. Wine = Considered by many to be a food and used for medicine Valuable commodity only used in special occasions Wine = Offerings to Gods, used as money for wages, beer given in rations An Egyptian Woman’s “Must-Haves” Worn by men and women made of human hair, plant fiber, and sheep wool. Some false beards were worn as well. Perfume The scents were extracted by steeping plants, flowers or wood. The materials were placed in a piece of cloth which was wrung until the last drop of fragrance had been retrieved. Alternatively they were boiled with oil and water and the oil skimmed off. Whigs Mirror Egyptian Social Hierarchy Egyptian Society was organized like a pyramid with the godking at the top. Below the upper class were merchants, artisans, scribes, and tax collectors Largest number of people in Egypt worked the land Pharaoh was surrounded by priests and upper class nobles. Made exclusively for royalty and the elite. The peasants paid taxes in the form of crops to the pharaoh, nobles, and priests Some Famous Egyptian Pharaohs - The boy pharaoh Restored the old gods after Akhenaton rule. Ramses II 1279-1212 B. C. E. Tutankhamon 1336-1327 B. C. E. Thutmose III 1504-1450 B. C. E. - Nephew of the first women to become pharaoh (Hatshepsut) Controlled present day Palestine, Syria, and Libya - Egyptians began attacking other empires, regained control of Palestine. An invasion of the “Sea People” caused his empire to collapse. Egyptian Nobility & Religion Many gods took on different forms and different names. Most important gods were the sun gods and land gods Story of “Osiris and Isis” Gods were associated with heavenly bodies and natural forces Egyptians were polytheistic- belief in more than one god Egyptian Gods & Goddesses: “The Sacred ‘Trinity’” Osiris Isis Horus Hieroglyphics an advanced form of writing using pictures and abstract forms. Egyptian Scribe Hieratic writing was used for record keeping and business transactions. Writing emerged around 3000 B.C. (hieroglyphics) “A boy’s ears are on his back. He listens only when he is beaten.” Hieratic Script- highly simplified version of hieroglyphics Papyrusa paper made from reed that grew around the Nile. Papyrus Paper Hieratic Scroll Piece Papyrus Plant Egyptian Math & Draftsmenship 1 10 100 1000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 What number is this? Champollion & the Rosetta Stone Rosetta Stone- a decree that appears in three separate texts. 1- Ancient Egyptian 2- Demotic 3- Ancient Greek Provided the key for modern understanding of hieroglyphics Hieroglyphic “Cartouche” Mr. Ryan Gleason Hieroglyphics “Alphabet” 24 “letters” + 700 phonetic symbols http://www.virtualegypt.com/newhtml/glyph/gly ph.html Preparations for the Underworld Brain was removed by extracting it from the nose. ANUBIS weighs the dead person’s heart against a feather. Priests protected your KA, or soul-spirit Egyptians believed in two bodies- Physical and Spiritual. Liver, lungs, stomach, and intestines were placed in special jars. Materials Used in Mummification Mummification – a process of slowly drying a dead body to prevent it from rotting. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Linen Sawdust Lichen Beeswax Resin 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Natron Onion Nile Mud Linen Pads Frankinsense Preparation for the Afterlife Body is filled with spices and wrapped with resin soaked linens. Egyptian Mummies Seti I 1291-1278 B. C. E. Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II Ramses II 1279-1212 B. C. E. 1210-1200 B. C. E. Click on me: http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/launch_gms_mummy_maker.shtml Journey to the Underworld The dead travel on the “Solar Bark.” One must pass through the Underworld before they reach the Afterlife. A boat for the journey is provided for a dead pharaoh in his tomb. Egyptian Book of the Dead Book of the DeadCollection of Spells to help the dead pass through the underworld http://w ww.anci entegypt .co.uk/m ummies/ activity/ main.ht ml The Final Judgement Anubis Horus Osiris Shabtis: The Pharaoh’s Servants in the Afterlife Used to be staff for the pharaoh’s afterlife if called upon to do so. Giza Pyramid Complex Pyramids- building dedicated for pharaoh’s burial. Great achievements of Egyptian time, building of pyramids during the Old Kingdom. Click on me: http://www.eyelid.co.uk/Egyptian_Videos/Great_Pyramids.html Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu Extremely precise Sphinx head- likeness of his son Great Sphinx guards the Pyramid Archaeologist, Howard Carter (1922) Primary discoverer of King Tut From London, England Best preserved and most intact tomb Entrance to King “Tut’s” Tomb King Tutankhamon’s Death Mask 1336-1327 B. C. E. King Tutankhamon King Tutankhamun’s Tomb Treasures From Tut’s Tomb The Ankh – The “Cross” of Life Ankhenaton: First Monotheist? 1352-1336 B. C. E. Queen Nefertiti Celebrated Monotheism, Aten Sun God Known for a Religious Revolution Ruled briefly after her husbands death. Made Famous for her bust