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Ancient Civilization
Egypt
Egyptian Empire About 1450 B.C.
Civilization: Nile River
–Located in Africa
–Flows North
–The Nile cycle• Flood
• plant
• harvest
Specialized Workers
• Artisans specialized in various jobs, such as:
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Bricklayers
Blacksmiths
Mummifiers
Doctors
- Potters
- Architects
Job Specialization
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Created great architecture and art
monumental architecture
pyramids, ziggurats, big cities
huge temples and associated structures
to fill the needs of a god-oriented state
under the control of the priestly class
Complex Institutions Political
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Theocracy
–system in which the ruler is a
divine figure.
- Power was passed from one
dynasty to another and land
remained united.
Menes
• - united the two regions. He is believed to
have been the
–1st pharaoh of Egypt
– start the 1st national
government
–1st Egyptian Dynasty.
3 different Kingdoms (old, middle
and new)
• Old Kingdom 2700- 2200 BCE
• Old Kingdom- 3rd dynasty- pharaohs
(Egyptian rulers) were believed to be gods.
– Viziers- chief ministers
• Viziers also collected taxes, farming, etc.
– During this time the pyramids
(tombs
for eternity) were built. They believed in
life after death.
**Sphinx and
pyramids
Middle Kingdom 2050- 1800 BCE
• Middle Kingdomcorruption and rebellions,
but still was able to dig
canals for irrigation
New Kingdom1550-1100
BCE
 New Kingdom- regained
power and created a larger
empire.
King Tutankhamen
• 18 year old ruler
found in 1922, he was
a minor ruler. What
made him so famous
was that his tomb
was found completely
intact.
• Tomb found
completely intact
http://ambassadors.net/archives/images/King_Tut_fa
Complex Institutions: Religion
• Polytheistic - believed divine forces
ruled this world and the afterlife.
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Amon-Re- chief god, sun god
Osiris- god of the underworld and the Nile (controlled annual floods)
Isis- goddess taught women skills
Akhenation- tried to sweep away all gods except Aton, he failed. Due to
others being afraid to abandon their gods.
• Egyptians believed that gods
promised eternal life after death.
Book of the Dead
• Test- souls had to pass a test in order to
win eternal life.
–Book of the Dead- contains, spells,
charms for dead to use in the afterlife.
It was placed in the tombs.
Valley of the Kings
• pharaohs were buried here
Advanced Cities
Memphis
• Thebes
• Planned and usually walled cities
• Centers of worship and trade
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Advanced Technology
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Irrigation, levees – control of the Nile
Mummification-preservation of the dead
Pulleys
Levers
Architecture
Calendar
Numbers – geometry
Medicine
Record Keeping
• Papyrus- paper
like material, use
reed pens and ink
– Paper was not invented until
AD 100 in China
Hieroglyphics
• Scribes- kept records on all going- on
• Hieroglyphics- pictograms
that depicted objects
Rosetta Stone:
The stone was found
written in 3
languages:
Hieroglyphics, simple
hieroglyphics, and
ancient Greek. The
Greek could be
translated and allowed
us to translate the
hieroglyphics.
Ancient Civilizations
MesoAmerica
Olmecs: MesoAmerica’s Mother Culture
Chavin: along the South American coast
Olmecs Civilization:
1200 B.C. – 400 B.C.
Olmec head or colossal head (the king)
Central American Location
Olmecs
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Priests
fishers
farmers
traders
artisans
Specialized Workers
Olmecs
Complex Institutions
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Ruling Priest
Religious centers (Great Pyramid)
ritual ball game
trade network from Mexico City to Honduras
rivers provide for transportation
Olmecs
Advanced Cities
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San Lorenzo – 1150 B.C
La Venta – 800 B.C
Bay of Campache
up too 100 inches of rain;
hills to the north
present states of Veracruz and Tabasco
Olmecs
Advanced Technology
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Chinampas: irrigation system
Used stone for tools
monuments
iron ore reached Olmecs through trade
Olmecs
Record Keeping
• No written records kept!!
• Only sculptures of leaders or religious figures
Chavin
900 BC to 200 BC
South American Location
Carved head of a half human,
half feline deity
Chavin
Specialized Workers
• Priest
• artisans
• masons
Chavin
Complex Institutions
• Very religious: featuring ziggurats and earthen
mounds
• No political institutions
• Religious centers not outposts for great empires
• columns is characterized by an essentially
zoomorphic repertory (jaguars, snakes, condors,
caimans) to which human faces are added here
and there
Chavin
Advanced Cities
• Chavín de Huántar-one of the oldest known
and most admired pre-Hispanic sites. Center
of the Chavin Dynasty.
Chavin
Advanced Technology
• people created a successful drainage system.
Several canals built under the temple acted as
drainage
• used early techniques to develop refined early
gold work
Chavin
Record Keeping
• What was found aided in influencing future
civilizations.
• Complex Institutions – describe their
government, religion and economy
• Record Keeping – Name and describe their
record keeping system
• The rest of the characteristics can be bulleted
points
The Fertile Crescent /
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia
SCAAR
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Sumerians
Akkadians
Babylonians
Geography of the Fertile Crescent
• Area of land in the
middle of a desert
climate
• Lies between the
TIGRIS and
EUPHRATES RIVERS
• “Mesopotamia”
means “land
between the rivers”
in Greek
Environmental Factors
• Tigris and Euphrates Rivers deposit a
rich mud called SILT that allows
farmers to harvest large quantities of
wheat and barley
• Area has ENVIRONMENTAL
CHALLENGES:
– Flooding of rivers was unpredictable
– Sumer was a small region with no natural
barriers for protection
– Limited natural resources
SOLUTIONS
• Irrigation ditches
• City walls for
defense
• Traded with the
peoples of the
mountains for the
things they lacked
• Cooperation,
organization, and
leadership were
required to
accomplish these
tasks
Specialized Workers
• Priests
• Rulers (Kings) – at 1st chosen for war time
only, then became full-time monarchs,
establishing dynasty.
• Merchants
• Artisans
• Scribes
• Farmers
• Slaves
Complex Institutions
• Law system to govern the people.
• Governments controlled by temple Priests.
• Polytheism – believed in many gods – Enlil was
most powerful.
• Schools for upper-class boys.
• Akkadians created 1st empire.
• Hammurabi’s Code - Babylonians led by
Hammurabi who created a uniform code of laws to
unify the people. 1st to be written down and
applied to everyone, but differentiated between
classes and sexes.
Advanced Cities
• Built walled cities.
• City-states – city and surrounding land.
• Uruk, Kish, Lagash, Umma and Ur.
Advanced Technology
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Irrigation ditches to water fields.
Walled temples with ziggurat at the center.
Invented the wheel, plow, sail.
1st to use bronze
Sciences – astronomy, chemical substances, studied
disease.
• Arithmetic and geometry.
• Number system based on 60 (60 seconds=1 min.
and 360 degrees in circle)
• Mud bricks and mortar, arches, columns, ramps.
Record Keeping
• 1st writing system in history – Cuneiform.
• Taxes in the form of crops.
• Epic of Gilgamesh – epic poem about the
adventures of King Gilgamesh.
• Maps.
Ancient Hebrews
Jews in Palestine/Israel
Specialized Workers
• Abraham – a shepherd chosen by God
to be the “father” or 1st of the
Hebrew people according to the
Torah.
• Slaves – forced into slavery in Egypt.
Later led out of slavery by Moses.
• Settled herders, farmers and city
dwellers.
Complex Institutions
• God = Yahweh
• Monotheism was unique to the Hebrews for the time.
• Covenant made between Abraham and God – God protects
them as long as they obey him.
• Passover celebrates being freed from slavery.
• Were originally organized into 12 tribes that were self governing but during times of crisis would be led by Judges.
• Tribes united under 3 kings – Saul, David and Solomon –
formed kingdom of Israel.
Advanced Cities
• Ur – in Mesopotamia is where
Abraham was born.
• Abraham moved his people to
Canaan.
• Later, they moved to Egypt, then
back to Canaan.
• Jerusalem established under King
David.
Advanced Technology
• Learned iron smelting from neighboring
peoples and produced iron tools and
weapons.
• Solomon built temple to hold the Ark of
the Covenant, which held the tablets of
Moses’ law.
• Bronze used in building.
Record Keeping
• Torah containing the teachings and
history of the Hebrew people.
• Ten Commandments – given to Moses by
God – became basis of the civil and
religious laws of Judaism.
• Ideas influenced Christianity and Islam.
• Taxes were used to pay for massive
building projects.
Ancient China
Between the Huang He and
Yangtze Rivers
Specialized Workers
• Nobles- land owners
• Civil Servants- government administrative
workers
• Professional warriors
• Artisans
• Wall builders
• Peasants- farmer
Complex Institutions
•Duties to their family and to their emperor
•Religion:
–Main god: Shang Di
–Spirits of ancestors have power to bring good
fortune or disaster
•Feudalism- use of land that legally belonged to
emperor in exchange for military protection
•Mandate of Heaven
Advanced Cities
•Anyang- capital of the Shang Dynasty, built out
of wood
•Hao- Zhou capital
Advanced Technology
•Had Bronze, but thought it was too precious for
tools
–Wooden digging sticks, hoes, sickles made of stone
•Chariot
•Silk
•Roads
•Canals
•Coined money
•Iron/cast iron
•Dagger, axes, swords
Record Keeping
• Oracle Bones
– write a questions to the gods on a bone, apply a hot
poker to it, which causes it to crack, priest
interpreted the cracks to see how the gods had
answered
• Calligraphy
• Written language based on ideas not sounds
– One could read Chinese without being able to speak
a word of it
The Harappan Civilization
3300 BCE - 2400 BCE
Specialized Workers
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Merchants
Engineers
Doctors
Masons
Artisans
Bison Seal, Mohenjo-Daro
pottery, Mohenjo-Daro
Complex institutions
• Hindu Faith
• Hindu Caste System
A Priest-King, MohenjoDaro
Varna (Social Hierarchy)
Brahmins
Kshatriyas
Vaishyas
Shudras
Pariahs [Harijan]  Untouchables
The Caste
System
WHO IS…
Brahmins
Kshatriyas
 The mouth?
 The arms?
Vaishyas
 The legs?
 The feet?
What is a JATI?
Shudras
Advanced cities
• Mohenjo-Daro
• Harappa
• Kalibangan
Citadel
Of
MohenjoDaro
Aerial View of Mohenjo-Daro
Wide View, Mohenjo-Daro
Advanced technology
• Grid System City Design
• Plumbing
• Medicine
The Great Bath,
Mohenjo-Daro
Public Well, Harappa
Drain, Harappa
Record keeping
• Sanskrit
• Harappan Writing (undecipherable)
Sanskrit
writing
Harappan Writing
Undecipherable to date.