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How does geography influence civilization? The first civilizations developed near rivers. Rivers provided water for irrigation and rich soil to sustain successful agriculture needed to feed growing populations. Egyptian civilization developed along the Nile. Remnants of this early civilization, such as Ramses II’s temple Abu Simbel, can still be seen today. • Why did ancient civilizations develop near rivers? • What geographical features led to the settlement of your city or state? The First Humans How does agriculture affect our society? Western Asia and Egypt What factors contribute to a stable and lasting civilization? The BIG Idea Physical Geography After Homo sapiens sapiens spread throughout the world, the development of systematic agriculture led to the rise of early civilizations. Content Vocabulary • hominid • systematic agriculture • Neolithic Revolution • civilization Academic Vocabulary • survive • revolution People and Places • Africa • Homo sapiens • Neanderthals • Homo sapiens sapiens Before History Scientists use fossils and artifacts as clues to how early humans lived. Before History (cont.) • Hominids are the earliest humanlike creatures that first appeared in Africa four million years ago. • Types of early hominids: − Australopithecus • “southern ape” Evidence of Early Humans Before History (cont.) − Homo erectus • “upright human” • lived 1.8 million to 100,000 years ago − Homo sapiens • “wise human” Evidence of Early Humans Before History (cont.) − Neanderthals • descended from Homo sapiens • lived between 100,000 B.C. and 30,000 B.C. • used stone tools and buried their dead − Homo sapiens sapiens • “wise, wise human” • descended from Homo sapiens • first to have modern anatomy Evidence of Early Humans Before History (cont.) • appeared in Africa between 150,000 and 200,000 years ago • spread around the globe, in search of food and hunting grounds • all human life belongs to this subgroup of human beings • The Paleolithic Age is the period in which humans used simple stone tools. Evidence of Early Humans The Neolithic Revolution Civilization developed from the agricultural revolution of the Neolithic Age. The Neolithic Revolution (cont.) • The Neolithic Revolution was marked by the shift from hunting of animals and gathering of food to systematic agriculture. • As a result of a steady food supply, Neolithic people began living in settled communities. Spread of Farming The Neolithic Revolution (cont.) • Villages became more complex and societies began to create armies, build walled cities, and develop into more complex cultures. The Neolithic Revolution (cont.) • Historians have identified the basic characteristics of civilizations; six of the most important: − Cities − Social structure − Government − Writing − Religion − Art The BIG Idea Ideas, Beliefs, and Values Ancient civilizations rose along rivers in Western Asia and Egypt and gave humankind new technologies and belief systems. Content Vocabulary • city-state • Judaism • empire • monotheistic • dynasty Academic Vocabulary • innovations • transport People and Places • Tigris River • Upper Egypt • Euphrates River • Menes • Fertile Crescent • King Solomon • Sargon • Jerusalem • Hammurabi • Cyrus • Nile River • Royal Road • Lower Egypt Ancient Mesopotamia City-states were the basic units within the earliest civilizations in Mesopotamia. Ancient Mesopotamia (cont.) • Mesopotamia was located in a valley between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. • The Fertile Crescent was an area of rich farmland. By using irrigation and drainage ditches, farmers were able to grow an abundance of crops. • The Sumerians created the first civilization in Mesopotamia around 3000 B.C. Ancient Mesopotamia Ancient Mesopotamia (cont.) • The basic units of Sumerian society were independent city-states. • The Sumerians believed that rulers derived their power form the gods, making it a theocracy. • Sargon led the Akkadians to defeat the Sumerian city-states and set up the first empire in world history. • After the fall of the Akkadian empire, Hammurabi came to power. Ancient Mesopotamia (cont.) • The Code of Hammurabi was a collection of written laws based on system of strict justice. • The Code of Hammurabi covered: − Criminal offenses − Duties of public officials − Consumer protection laws − Marriage and family Ancient Mesopotamia (cont.) • The Sumerians created cuneiform, the oldest writing system. • Writing allowed Mesopotamian peoples to keep records and to communicate ideas with others. Ancient Mesopotamia (cont.) • Sumerians invented many other technological innovations. − Wagon wheel − Potter’s wheel − Sundial − The arch in construction − Bronze metalwork Ancient Mesopotamia (cont.) • Sumerians also made great achievements in mathematics, geometry, and astronomy. Ancient Egypt Located along the Nile, Egyptian society thrived during three major historical periods called kingdoms. Ancient Egypt (cont.) • The Nile River is the longest river on the earth. The Nile River splits into two major branches before it empties into the Mediterranean forming a triangular delta. − Lower Egypt is the land in the Nile Delta. − Upper Egypt is the land upstream, to the south of the delta. The Geography of Ancient Egypt Ancient Egypt (cont.) • In 3100 B.C., King Menes united Upper and Lower Egypt into a single kingdom and created the first royal dynasty. Ancient Egypt (cont.) • The Old Kingdom − The Old Kingdom was an age of prosperity and was ruled by powerful monarchs called pharaohs. − Pyramids were built to honor the dead. The largest pyramid was built for King Khufu at Giza. − Egyptians practiced mummification to preserve the physical body, so the spirit could return to it. Ancient Egypt (cont.) • The Middle Kingdom − The Middle Kingdom was a golden age of stability. − Pharaohs became concerned for the people and undertook public works to aid farming and trade. − The Middle Kingdom ended with an invasion of Egypt by the Hyksos from western Asia. Ancient Egypt (cont.) • The New Kingdom − The New Kingdom began after the Hyksos were defeated and Egypt was reunited. − This period was marked by militarism, and Egypt became the most powerful state in Southwest Asia. − After the collapse of the New Kingdom, Egypt was dominated by several groups and eventually became a Roman province. Ancient Egypt (cont.) • Egyptian society structured like a pyramid. − Pharaoh − Upper class: priests, nobles, government officials − Middle class: merchants, artisans, scribes, tax collectors − Lower class: peasants, farmers Ancient Egypt (cont.) • The Egyptians used hieroglyphics as their system of writing. Hieroglyphics consisted of pictures and abstract forms that were used on the walls of temples and tombs. • Hieratic script was a simplified version of writing used for business transactions and record keeping. It was written on papyrus. • The Egyptians made many advances in architecture, mathematics, medicine, and science. They created a 365-day calendar and doctors treated wounds and diseases.