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Chapter 3 The Mediterranean and Middle East 2000-500 B.C.E Hittite Empire Capital - Hattusha Another view of Hattusha - near present day Ankara - central Turkey Hattusha – Lion’s Gate Hittite Chariots & Warriors Hittite Writing A Balance of Power: 1200 B. C. E. Hittite legacy • Employed fearsome new technology of horse-drawn chariots • Historians believe they were first to develop technique for making tools and weapons of iron. • Challenged Egyptian dominance with significant battle at Kadesh End of the Hittite Empire • Their knowledge of metalwork soon traveled throughout the area with the Hittite traders and through their conquests. • Although the Hittites were superior in war, their empire came to a very abrupt end around 1190 BC. Invaders from the north attacked and burned the Hittite cities. The Battle of Kadesh Ramses II at Kadesh Treaty of Kadesh New Kingdom Egypt • The Middle Kingdom ended with the invasion of the Hyksos in 1650 BCE. • The Hyksos controlled the Nile River Delta – Lower Egypt – for about 70 years. • By 1500 BCE the Hyksos were expelled, the Hebrews were enslaved, and Egypt was again unified by a pharaoh of the 18th dynasty. • This marks the beginning of the New Kingdom. • The New Kingdom is dated 1550 BCE to 1075 BCE (1550-700 BCE in AP text). • This was the period when Egyptian armies conquered extensive areas of land out side Egypt. • Some famous New Kingdom pharaohs include: • Ahmose – He expelled the Hyksos. • Thutmose I – (1512 BCE – 1500 BCE) – He conquered Nubia to the South. He pushed Egypt’s border further South than it had ever been. Hatshepsut – the best known female pharaoh (ca. 1500 BCE – 1482 BCE). • Akhnaton (1367-1350 BCE) and his wife Nefertiti. • Akhnaton attempted to found a (mostly) monotheistic religion dedicated to Aton – a god signifying the sun’s disc. • This effort was bitterly opposed by the priesthoods. • Akhnaton’s faith died with him. • One of the most important pharaohs of the New Kingdom was Rameses II. • He ruled from about ca. 1304 BCE to ca. 1237 BCE. This was the longest reign of any pharaoh. • He outlived most of his children and grandchildren. • Rameses II fought the Hittites at Kadesh around 1300 BCE and concluded a peace treaty with them after the two armies fought to a standstill. • Rameses II’s monuments claimed Kadesh was a great victory! • Rameses II was perhaps the most prolific builders of any of Egypt’s pharaohs. Minoans of Crete Ø On the island of Crete ØBy 2000 B.C.E. the Island of Crete had first European civilization to have complex political and social structures and advanced technologies. ØThey had a centralized government, monumental building, bronze metallurgy, writing and record keeping ØArchaelogists named after King Minos who ruled a vast naval empire ØWorshipped one goddess with many faces, most likely, or multiple goddesses End of Minoans • All the Cretan palaces except Cnossus were deliberately destroyed around 1450 B.C.E. • Since Mycenaen Greeks took over at Cnossus, most historians regard them as the likely destroyers of Minoans Phoenician Sea Routes A Phoenician Bireme Ship The “Royal Purple” Dye Phoenician City of Byblos: “Home of the Alphabet” Phoenician Alphabet Carthage: Phoenicia’s Mightiest Colony The Assyrian Empire Assyrian Military Power Assyrian soldiers carrying away the enemy’s gods. Jewish Captives: c 8 BCE Babylon under the Chaldeans Nebuchadnezzar II’s Babylon Ishtar Gate Hanging Gardens of Babylon? Israelites in Captivity Alexander the Great & the Hellenization of the Near East The Great Library at Alexandria. Egypt