* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Ancient History
Survey
Document related concepts
Index of Egypt-related articles wikipedia , lookup
Memphis, Egypt wikipedia , lookup
Animal mummy wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Egyptian funerary practices wikipedia , lookup
Middle Kingdom of Egypt wikipedia , lookup
Prehistoric Egypt wikipedia , lookup
Egyptian language wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Egyptian race controversy wikipedia , lookup
Egyptian hieroglyphs wikipedia , lookup
Military of ancient Egypt wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Egyptian religion wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Ancient History Near East Iron Age 1200BCE Urban Revolution 3500BCE Bronze Age Classical Age 600BCE Innovative Sites of the Near East Ancient Sumer Ancient Egypt What physical features had the most significant impact on the development of Mesopotamia? • Tigris & Euphrates Rivers (alluvial plain-silt, destructive flooding) • Plain of Shinar (farming, ease of movement) What other features, with less significance, may have eventually influenced Mesopotamia? •Mediterranean Sea •Red Sea •Persian Gulf •Arabian Desert Metallurgy Bronze • Iron • 3000 BC-2500 BC • stronger and more durable metal than copper • mixing copper with tin, creates bronze. • Originated in Fertile Crescent • • • • 1200 BC replaced bronze making Iron is harder than bronze techniques spread outward from Asia Minor to West Asia, Europe, and Africa Sumerian Life Royal Tombs of Ur Uruk Period: 3500BC •First City-State •Organized around temple (ziggurat) Patron God/Goddess •Growth in Population and Nucleation (clustering) (50,000 people by 3100BC) •Increased Complexity among institutions… Sumerian Development Consider… Irrigation Demography Technology Economic Organization Writing Secularization of Government Social Organization Irrigation Small irregular locally managed networks Consolidation into a few large networks, each centrally coordinated by a city-state Technology Slow potters wheel Standardized vessel shape Copper metallurgy Utilitarian metallurgy to include Bronze Tools & weapons Metals used in Elite Burials Social Organization Nobles (administrators, priests, merchants) Commoners (Landless peasants, artisans, slaves) Fluidity among lower 3 groups Royal Cemetery of Ur Distinctions dramatic between Nobles and commoners Economic Organization Temple Economy Standardized volumes Increased specialization Increased Trade Wood Utilitarian and precious stones & metals imported Grain & textiles exported Deals with economic accounts: List of workers, goods, receipts, etc. Pictographs, ideographs Stylus Writing Cylinder seals noneconomic matters Cuneiform Tablets deal with economic and non-economic matters Religion, Politics, etc. Secularization Competition Kings – lugal Elected & temporary Lugal becomes permanent Steward of the gods At the expense of priesthood How would you summarize the important developments and legacy of the Sumerians? Ancient Egypt Innovative site Africa’s cradle of civilization Size & Demography Pre-dynastic: 500,000 people (cities @ 15,000) New Kingdom: 5 Million? (cities @ 100,000s) No more than 15 miles on each side of Nile Total sq miles: 14,000 (no larger than Estonia) Cities 42 Nomes or Sepat Patron God/Goddess Nomarch Directed irrigation, administration Most people lived in surrounding countryside, not city Specialized function (temple, protection) - interdependence Pharaoh No concept of ‘state’, instead… Identification with Pharaoh as divine, in charge of all aspects of civilization (military, religion, etc) Developed bureaucracy (vizier, nomarchs) Hereditary succession (dynasty) Some Famous Egyptian Pharaohs Narmer Palette (Narmer or Menes) Amenhotep, or Akhenaten Henotheism or Monotheism? Some Famous Egyptian Pharaohs Hatshepsut Tutankhamon 1479 to 1458 BC 1336-1327 B. C. E. Ramses II 1279-1212 B. C. E. Chronology & Dating Kingdom: periods of relative stability and central rule of Pharaoh Intermediate: periods of instability, lack of strong central authority and/or invasions Proto-dynastic – Unification (Menes or Narmer?) Old Kingdom- 2600BC – 2150BC capital @ Memphis Middle Kingdom 2100 -1640 (Hyksos Invasion) New Kingdom 1570 – 1293 capital @ Thebes Religion Polytheistic, anthropomorphic Creation stories - Mythology Afterlife, Mummification, Temples, Cults Pharaoh as protector of Ma’at concept of order, harmony Egyptian Gods & Goddesses Osiris Isis Horus Amun Re Fusion of Horus and Amun -Re Aten heresy Egyptian Book of the Dead Famous Pyramids @ Dahshur Necropolis Giza Necropolis Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu Preparation for the Afterlife Mummification Egyptian Mummies Seti I 1291-1278 B. C. E. Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II 1210-1200 B. C. E. Ramses II 1279-1212 B. C. E. Temple Complex at Karnak Writing Hieroglyphics (‘sacred’ ‘signs’ – ancient Greek) 3100BC: 1st signs of written language (appeared on ivory, clay vessels) Cartouche Hieratic (sacred writing – developed along side hieroglyph) By 7th Century BCE : Demotic Papyrus Egyptian Scribe Papyrus Paper Hieratic Scroll Piece Papyrus Plant Champollion & the Rosetta Stone hieroglyphic, demotic and Greek Written in 196 B.C.E. Egyptian Nobility Social Order •Limited social mobility was possible •Slavery was a product of debt or capture during war, not race •All Egyptians — from pharaohs to farmers — gave gifts to the gods. Hesire, Chief of Doctors at the court of the Pharoah Djoser. Scenes of Ancient Egyptian Daily Life the Arts Frontalism Symbolism Many Genres: painting, sculpture, pottery, jewelry, architecture ,music Many purposes: panegyric poems and monuments to glorify their pharaoh - songs and music for workers and farmers for daily life Book of the Dead Instructions from the Vizier Ptahotep Egyptian Woman Mirror Perfume Whigs Comparison/Contrast What are the similarities between the innovative sites of Sumer and Egypt? What are the differences between the innovative sites of Sumer and Egypt? How would you summarize the important developments and legacy of the Egyptians?