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Good Afternoon!! What do you know about the following?!? WRITE IT DOWN!!! 1. Cuneiform 2. PERSIA 3. Mesopotamia 4. Hammurabi 5. Tigris and Euphrates Rivers Ancient Egypt Fertile Nile River Impact of Climate • • • • arid climate = oil skin hot sun = make –up for sun protection and black paint to cut glare large deserts = obstacles to invaders dry climate = must irrigate crops Political Organization • pharaoh = god-king • pharaohs had absolute power and owned all land; however, they were expected to behave morally and were judged on good deeds. • theocracy = government run by religious leaders • pharaoh stood at center of religion, government, and army Economic System • traded agricultural surplus: wheat barley (from Nile which provided silt) • mining of large mineral deposits of copper which used for bronze tools. Gold and copper were mined by slaves which greatly enriched the royal treasury. • had enough economic strength to support massive public works = Construction projects financed by the government for the benefit and use of its citizens Religion • polytheistic belief in many gods • Akhenaton forces Egyptians to worship one god (monotheism) temporarily • king believed to rule even after death; therefore, tomb more important than earthly palace Preparations for the Underworld ANUBIS weighs the dead person’s heart against a feather. Priests protected your KA, or soulspirit Materials used in Mummification **all classes planned for their burials** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Linen Sawdust Lichen Beeswax Resin 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Natron Onion Nile Mud Linen Pads Frankinsense Preparation for Afterlife Egyptian Mummies Seti I 1291-1278 B. C. E. Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II 1210-1200 B. C. E. Ramses II 1279-1212 B. C. E. Journey to the Underworld The dead travel on the “Solar Bark.” A boat for the journey is provided for a dead pharaoh in his tomb. Egyptian Book of the Dead The Final Judgement Anubis Osiris Horus Egyptian Social Hierarchy slaves Some Famous Egyptian Pharaohs Tutankham on 1336-1327 B. C. E. Thutmose III 1504-1450 B. C. E. Ramses II 1279-1212 B. C. E. Egyptian Priestly Class Egyptian Scribe Inventions / Innovations • hieroglyphics for economic, royal, and administrative info. • originally pictographs, but eventually pictures represented words as well as sounds • calendar developed (365 days and 12 months) • hieroglyphics written on papyrus – a paper-like writing material created from the papyrus plant that • grows on the banks of the Nile. • Math: – system of written numbers • Science: – Set broken bones – Surgery – checked pulse Hieroglyphics “Alphabet” 24 “letters” + 700 phonetic symbols Papyrus => paper Hieratic Scroll Piece Papyrus Plant Egyptian Math & Draftsmenship 1 10 100 1000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 What number is this? Architecture • Pyramids – tombs for pharaoh's afterlife • built by peasants when Nile was flooded (not slaves) Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara “Bent” Pyramid of King Sneferu Giza Pyramid Complex Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu Ancient Egyptian Housing Middle Class Homes Peasant Homes Scenes of Ancient Egyptian Daily Life Making Ancient Egyptian Wine An Egyptian Woman’s “MustHaves” Mirror Perfume Whigs Champollion & the Rosetta Stone Archaeologist, Howard Carter (1922) King Tutankhamun’s Tomb Treasures From Tut’s Tomb