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Computer organization
Practical 1
Administrative Issues
• The course requirements are:
– To be nice and open minded 
– To pass the exam (there is a boolean result)
objectives
• Understand the basic concepts behind processors,
memory, and I/O devices, and be able to describe their
functions.
• Be familiar with stored-program computer architecture
• Understand the basic functions of processor
Introduction-1
•
CS can be divided into three
subsystems:
a) The processor
b) The memory and
c) The I/O subsystem
Introduction-2
The processor
Is responsible for executing programs
The memory
Provides storage space for programs and
the data they reference
I/O subsystem
Allows the processor and memory to control
devices that interact with the outside
world or storage data
Typical computer system
Computer organization
Computer
Processor
Switch
Memory
BUS
Memory System
I/O Bus
Hard disk
CD-ROM
V/G Card
I/O System
Monitor
Programs
• Programs are the sequences of instructions that
tell the computer what to do.
• To the computer a program made up of a
sequence of numbers that represent individual
operations.
• This operations are known as machine
instructions, and a set of operations that a given
processor can execute is known as its
instruction set.
Program development tools
• What is compiler?
– Program that treat other programs as data.
Compilers convert programs from high-level
languages such as C,.. Into assembly
language, assemblers that convert assemblylanguage instructions into numeric
representation used by the processor, and
linkers that join multiple machine language
programs into a single executable file.
Program development
Write program
In
High-level language
Load program into computer’s
memory
Compile program into
assembly language
Execute program
Assemble program into
machine language
Link multiple machine-language
programs into one application
Program Development
Program Execution
The processor
• Processor are made up of several building
blocks:
– Execution units (the hardware that executes instructions-ALU)
– Register files and (small storage area for data that processor is used)
– Control logics (controls the rest of the processor)
The memory system
• Acts as a storage receptacle for the data
and programs used by the computer.
• Most Computers have two types of
memmory:
– Read only memory ROM and
– Random access memory RAM
The I/O Subsystem
• The I/O subsystem contains the devices
that the computer uses to communicate
with the outside world and to store data,
including hard disks, video displays,
printers,..
Question?
• What is debugger?