Download Slide 1 - SchoolRack

Chapter Eight
Child Victims
Types of Child Abuse



Physical child abuse – any act which results in a
nonaccidental physical injury by a person who has
care, custody, or control of a child
Child neglect – the negligent treatment or
maltreatment of a child by a parent or a caretaker
under circumstances indicating harm or threatened
harm to the child’s health or welfare
Child sexual abuse – sexual exploitation or sexual
activities with children under circumstances which
indicate that the child’s health or welfare is harmed or
threatened
Victimology: Legal, Psychological, and Social Perspectives, 3 rd ed.
Wallace and Roberson
2
© 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
Extent of the Problem

Physical Child Abuse



Child Neglect


Estimated 1,553,800 children were abused or neglected in
1993
Estimated 1,400 child fatalities in 2002
Estimated 515,800 cases of child neglect in 2000
Child Sexual Abuse


Estimated 150,000 substantiated cases in 1992
Dropped to estimated 89,500 substantiated cases in 2000
Victimology: Legal, Psychological, and Social Perspectives, 3 rd ed.
Wallace and Roberson
3
© 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
Child Fatality Review Teams


Composed of a variety of professionals from different
backgrounds who review child fatalities
Normally include the Medical Examiner, a
pediatrician, a representative from the District
Attorneys Office, law enforcement and child
protective services members, and other necessary
agencies as appropriate
Victimology: Legal, Psychological, and Social Perspectives, 3 rd ed.
Wallace and Roberson
4
© 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
Cycle of Violence Theory

Asserts that violent behavior is learned within the
family and bequeathed from one generation to the
next.

Cycle of Violence and Family Violence

Cycle of Violence and Aggression
Victimology: Legal, Psychological, and Social Perspectives, 3 rd ed.
Wallace and Roberson
5
© 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
Theories of Physical Child Abuse

Psychopathological Model


Interactional Model


Stresses the characteristics of the abuser as the primary
cause of abuse. The abuser’s personality predisposes the
abuser to injure the child
Views child abuse as a result of a dysfunctional system
Environmental-Sociological-Cultural Model

Views child abuse as a result of stresses in society that are
the primary causes of abuse
Victimology: Legal, Psychological, and Social Perspectives, 3 rd ed.
Wallace and Roberson
6
© 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
Theories of Child Neglect

Economic Theory


Ecological Theory


Suggests that neglect is caused by stress as a result of living
in poverty
Views the family behavior and neglect as a result of social
causes
Personalistic Theory

Attributes child neglect to individual personality
characteristics of the caretakers
Victimology: Legal, Psychological, and Social Perspectives, 3 rd ed.
Wallace and Roberson
7
© 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
The Four Preconditions Model of Sexual Abuse

Establishes preconditions that create a personal and
social context for expressing sexually abusive
behavior




Precondition I: Motivation to Abuse Sexually
Precondition II: Overcoming Internal Inhibitors
Precondition III: Factors Predisposing to Overcome
External Inhibitors
Precondition IV: Factors Predisposing to Overcome the
Child’s Resistance
Victimology: Legal, Psychological, and Social Perspectives, 3 rd ed.
Wallace and Roberson
8
© 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
Special Types of Child Abuse

Sibling Abuse


Any form of physical, mental, or sexual abuse inflicted by
one child in a family unit upon another
Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy

A psychiatric disorder whereby individuals intentionally
produce physical symptoms of illness in their children
Victimology: Legal, Psychological, and Social Perspectives, 3 rd ed.
Wallace and Roberson
9
© 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.

Ritual Abuse

A brutal form of abuse of children consisting of physical,
sexual, and psychological abuse, and involving the use of
rituals. Ritual does not necessarily mean satanic.
However, most survivors state that they were ritually
abused as part of satanic worship for the purpose of
indoctrinating them into satanic beliefs and practices.
Ritual abuse rarely consists of a single episode. It usually
involves repeated abuse over an extended period of time.
Victimology: Legal, Psychological, and Social Perspectives, 3 rd ed.
Wallace and Roberson
10
© 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.