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Chapter 21
Mental health diseases and
disorders
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.
Common signs and symptoms
• Typically, symptoms of mental health
begin with behavioral changes, so
symptoms may not be noticed and many
symptoms such as forgetfulness, anxiety,
or temper tantrums are attributed to age,
stress, or other illnesses.
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.
Diagnostic Tests
•
•
•
•
Brain Scans
EEG
MRI
Psychological testing such as aptitude
test, personality test, and others
depending on severity of symptoms
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.
Intellectual Disability p. 533
• Fall into two categories—genetic and
acquired
• If testing is used the most common are the
Wechsler and the Stanford-Binet systems
• Scores 90-109 are considered normal
• 71-89 are considered boderline
• Below 70 indicate profound disability with
an inability to perform the simplest tasks
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity
• AD HD– a mental health disorder characterized by
an inability to concentrate, hyperactivity, and
• Cause not known but does appear to be familial
• Treatment is usually amphetamines and behavior
modification.
Photo courtesy the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.
Eating Disorders p. 534-535
• A compulsion to eat or not eat, that affects the
mental and physical condition
• --anorexia nervosa—self imposed starvation
resulting from a distorted body image
• --bulimia—characterized by episodes of binge
eating (intake of up to 5,000 calories in 1 to 2
hours) followed by purging
• Can lead to cardiac problems, delayed puberty,
menstrual problems, personality changes, death
Photo courtesy the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.
Tic Disorders
• -Develops in children ages 5 to 10 years.
• Cause is unknown, maternal emotional
stress during pregnancy might play a part.
• Examples include eye blinking, facial
grimacing, neck or shoulder jerking, throat
clearing, snorting, grunting
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.
Enuresis (bedwetting)
• Must occur at least twice a month for this
diagnosis
• Incontinence after the age of bladder training.
• More common in males
• Reprimanding, ridiculing and shaming the
child should be avoided.
Photo courtesy the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.
Look at
Alcohol and the Teenage Brain page
535
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Substance Related
1. Alcoholism---physical and mental dependence
2. Chronic alcoholism causes physical damage to nearly
every organ system
3. Mental disorders include anxiety, depression, insomnia,
impotence, and amnesia.
4. Look at page 537 for more ingo
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.
Substance cont.
• Marijuana is a mixture of the leaves and
flowers of an Indian hemp plant. Hashish , a
resin form the flowering top the hemp plant is
thought to be 4-8 times stronger.
• Marijuana Abuse--disrupts the nerve cells in
the brain making it difficult to problem solve,
remember events, and participate in activities
with normal skill
Photo courtesy the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.
synthetic cannabis abuse
• Also known as K2 or Spice—a mixture of
marijuana and spice sprayed with
chemicals.
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Cocaine Abuse
it is estimated 1 in 2 women ages 25 to 35 has tried
cocaine. Effects include increased blood pressure,
dilated pupils, increased heart rate, hyperstimulation,
reduced fatigue, and high associated with pleasure.
Length of effect depends on route and amount used.
Crack cocaine is four to five times stronger and much
more addictive. When mixed with alcohol, the liver
combines the drugs, creating a third substance called
coaethylene which intensifies the euphoric effects but
increases the risk of sudden death
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.
Methamphetamine Abuse p. 539
• An addictive, potent stimulant that
affects the central nervous system. It
can be injected, smoked or sniffed.
Repeated abuse can lead to addiction
accompanied by chemical and
molecular changes in the brain.
Photo courtesy Robert A. Silverman, MD,
Pediatric Dermatology, Georgetown University
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.
Ectasy
• Affects the brain and may cause persistet
memory . Can affect the bodys ability to
regulate temperature. May increase heart
rate and blood pressure, muscle tension,
involuntary teeth clenching, nausea,
confusion, depression, sleep problems,
drug craving, and severe anxiety
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.
Caffeine and Nicotine Abuse
• Caffeine causes vasoconstriction and over
long period of time can cause circulatory
problems. Withdrawal headaches are
common.
• Nicotine is a stimulant that narrows blood
vessels and raises the heart rate and
blood pressure. Withdrawal symptoms
include depression, irritability, anger,
anxiety and an increase in appetite.
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.
Sedatives or depressants
• Ex: antianxiety(Librium or Valium),
barbiturates(Nembutal or Seconal),
hypnotics(Dalmane)
• Barbiturates are the most baused. Taking with
alcohol potentiates or ehances the effect.
Addiction and tolerance develop quickly and
commonly lead to overdose. Affected
withdrawals are frequently hospitalized.
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.
Amphetamine abuse
Stimulant drugs that cause a release of the
bodys natural epinephrine leading to an
increase in heart rate, respiration, and
digestion. Are addictive and do lead to
tolerance. Depression and suicide can
result from sudden withdrawal
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.
LSD
– Most commonly abused in the
hallucinogenic class.
– A small amount is enough to cause an
8-hour hallucination
– Heart rate increases, pupils dilate, blood
pressure increases, and appetite
diminishes.
– Abnormal thought processes can cause
temporary or permanent mental chages.
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.
Mescaline & PCP
• Mescaline is Found in the Mexican peyote
cactus
• PCP is a depressant introduced as an
animal tranquilizer. Can cause memory
loss. Symptoms can be coma,
convulsions, and respiratory arrest.
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.
Narcotic Abuse
Narcotics are depressants primarily prescribed as
analgesics or painkillers. Narcotics lower blood
pressure and slow nerve and muscle action and
the rate of heart and breathing .Physical and
physiological dependence develop rapidly.
Opium—obtained from the poppy. Derivatives are
morphine and herion.
Heroin—it causes a rush followed by a sleepy
drowsy state
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.
Inhalant Abuse
• The inhalant abuse “look” include spots or
sores around the mouth—a glassy-eyed
look, fumes on the breath or clothing,
anxiety, and loss of appetite.
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Anabolic steroid abuse
• Synthetic derivatives of testosterone.
• Increase muscle strength, lean body
mass, and improved performance, but
long term use is dangerous.
• Adolesents or preteens can experience
accelerated puberty changes and growth.
• A variety of extreme behaviors is exhibited
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.
Organic mental disorders
• Associated with some type of known
physical cause.
• Dementia—includes severe memory loss,
disorientation, impaired judgment and the
inability to learn new information.
• Deliruimn acute condition that can develop
suddenly or over a few days. Causes
include medications, alcohol, fever,
dehydration, or physical illness.
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Alzheimer's disease
• Progressive and irreversible form of
dementia. Accounts for 50% of all
dementia. Post mortem studies have s
• Post mortem studies have shown high
levels of aluminum in the brain. Brain
plaques and neuronal tangles have also
been found.
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.
Psychosis
• Describing conditions characterized by a
disintegration of one’s personality and a
loss of contact with reality. Individuals
have delusions, hallucinations, impaired
communication skills, and an inability to
deal with life’s demands. One of the most
common is schizophrenia.
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.
schizophrenia
It means “split mind” not split personality.
have a genetic vulnerability. Most felt that as
children they were unloved.
Symptoms appear at ages 16 to 25 and is more
common in females. They lose touch with reality
and act on imagined or fantasized reality.
Symptoms include , hallucinations, flat tone of
voice, incoherent speech, unresponsiveness and
muscular rigidity.
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.
Delusional disorders page 545
•
•
•
•
Grandiose
Erotomatic
Persecutory
Somatic
• Treated with antipsychotics
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Mood or affective disorders
Involve the emotions—---mood
Or , expressions of—---affect
Depression—prolonged feeling of extreme sadness or
despair
Page 546 for etiology
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.
Seasonal affective disorder
• SAD—thought to be related to an increase in the
melatonin hormone- which is suppressed by
light.
• Symptoms include chronic fatigue, excessive sleep, and
excessive eating with weight gain.
• Treated with medications and exposure to light
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.
Bipolar disorder (manic depressive)
Symptoms include feelings of euphoria,
increased energy and restlessness, rapid
thoughts and racing speech, unrealistic
beliefs in one’s abilities, extreme irritability,
unusual behavior and denial that anything is
wrong
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.
Dissociative disorders
• Characterized by escape of reality in
involuntary and unhealthy ways ranging
from suppressing memories to assuming
alternate identities.include psychogenic
amnesia, phychogenic fugue,
depersonalization disorder, and multiple
personality.
Page 547-548
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.
Anxiety Disorders p. 548
The cause might be related to genetic factors,
severe factors, severe stress, biochemical
alterations, and in some cases, physical causes
such as hyperthyroidism.
Symptoms of each type are covered on page 548
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.
Somatoform disorders
p. 549
• Characterized by physical that lead one to believe in a
physical disease, but on organic or physiologic cause.
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.
Personality disorders
personality disorders that make the person
feel and behave in unacceptable or
unsocial ways. This behavior limits
relationships and can affect home and
work life. See Page 551 for complete
list
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Personality disorders
Paranoid personalities
Schizoid personalities
Antisocial personalities
Narcissistic personalities
Histrioic personalities.
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.
Gender identity disorder
• A condition in which the person is
distressed with his or her uncomfortable or
distressed with his or her sexual identity
• Symptoms:
sexual sadism
• Exhibitionism
sexual masochism
• Fetishism
voyeruism
• Transvestic fetishism
other paraphilia
• Frotteurism
• Pedophilia
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Sleep disorders
• Dyssomnias are disorders related to falling
asleep
• Parasomnias are disorders related to
staying asleep and include nightmares,
sleep terror, and sleepwalking
• Insomnia
sleep terror
• Narcolepsy
sleep walking
• Sleep apnea
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.
Trauma
• Grief—a natural process of coping with a
loss.
• Denial
• Anger
• Bargaining
• grief/depression
• acceptance
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suicide
One third of people over age 65 try to
commit suicide.
Aging—because of the changes that occur
in the aging process, some symptoms
seen in the older population might just be
normal changes.
Medication and medication interactions can
also cause symptoms
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.