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Chapter 21
Mental Health Diseases and
Disorders
Copyright
Copyright
© 2010
© 2010
Delmar,
Delmar,
Cengage
Cengage
Learning.
Learning.
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RIGHTS
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RESERVED.
RESERVED.
Common Signs and Symptoms
• Typically begin with behavioral changes
• Slow-developing and very subtle
• May not be noticed early in development of
disorder
• Forgetfulness, anxiety, and temper tantrums
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Diagnostic Tests
• Physiologic tests
– Brain scans, EEGs, and MRIs
• Referral to psychiatrist for psychological
testing
– Aptitude and personality tests
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Developmental Mental Health
Disorders
• Intellectual disability
– Formerly known as mental retardation
– Symptoms:
• Decreased intelligence
• Decreased ability to learn, socialize, and mature
– Known causes:
• Genetic
• Acquired
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Developmental Mental Health
Disorders
• Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
– Symptoms:
• Inability to concentrate
• Hyperactivity
• Impulsiveness
– Cause unknown, but seems familial
– Treatment:
• Amphetamines
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Developmental Mental Health
Disorders
• Eating disorders
– Compulsion to eat or avoid eating that affects individual’s
mental and physical condition
– Most common:
• Anorexia nervosa
• Bulimia
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Developmental Mental Health
Disorders
• Tic disorders
– Sudden, rapid muscle movement or vocalization
• E.g., eye blinking, facial grimacing, neck or shoulder jerking, throat
clearing, snorting, grunting
• Enuresis
– Bedwetting
– Urinary incontinence after toilet training
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Substance-Related Mental Disorders
• Diagnosis used
– Instead of drug addiction
• Common terms:
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Addiction
Dependency
Tolerance
Withdrawal
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Substance-Related Mental Disorders
• Alcohol
– Alcoholism
• Physical and mental dependence on alcohol
– Chronic
– Progressive
– Often fatal
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Substance-Related Mental Disorders
• Marijuana
– Also known as pot
– Euphoric effect
• Cocaine
– Accelerant to CNS and anesthetic
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Substance-Related Mental Disorders
• Methamphetamine
– Fastest growing abused drug today
– Addictive potent CNS stimulant
• Caffeine and nicotine
– Most common addictive substances
• Sedatives or depressants
– Anti-anxiety medications
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Substance-Related Mental Disorders
• Amphetamines
– Release epinephrine leading to increased heart rate,
respiration, and digestion
• Hallucinogens
– Also known as psychedelic drugs
– E.g., lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline,
phencyclidine (PCP)
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Substance-Related Mental Disorders
• Narcotics
– Depressants primarily prescribed as analgesics
– E.g., heroin, opium
• Inhalants
– Abused legal substances
– Taken by huffing, snuffing, and bagging
– E.g., glue, nail polish, lighter fluid
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Substance-Related Mental Disorders
• Anabolic steroids
– Abused by athletes to produce increases in muscle strength,
lean body mass, and improved performance
– Dangerous long-term effects
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Organic Mental Disorders
• Associated with physical cause
• Affect cognition and ability to think,
remember, and make judgments
• May be temporary or permanent
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Organic Mental Disorders
• Dementia
– Deterioration of mental abilities due to physical changes in
brain
• Delirium
– Acute condition from medications, alcohol, fever, or illness
• Alzheimer’s disease
– Progressive, irreversible form of dementia
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Psychosis
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Disintegration of one’s personality
Impaired communication skills
Inability to deal with life’s demands
Delusions and hallucinations
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Psychosis
• Schizophrenia
– Loss of touch with reality
– Delusions
• Delusional disorders
– Belief in delusion in otherwise normally adjusted and
balanced personality
– Treatment:
• Antipsychotic medications
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Psychosis
• Delusional disorders
– Types:
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Grandiose
Jealous
Erotomanic
Persecutory
Somatic
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Mood or Affective Disorders
• Depression
– Prolonged feeling of extreme sadness, unhappiness,
despair, or discouragement
• Seasonal affective disorder
– Depressive condition during winter months
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Mood or Affective Disorders
• Bipolar disorder (manic depressive)
– Extreme depression and mania occur
– Mood disorder questionnaire (MDQ) aids physician in
identifying symptoms
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Dissociative Disorders
• Changes in identity or consciousness
• Types:
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Psychogenic amnesia
Psychogenic fugue
Depersonalization
Multiple personality
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Anxiety Disorders
• Anxiety
– Usual temporary response to stress becomes chronic
• May be related to genetic factors, severe stress,
biochemical alterations, and in some cases,
physical causes
– E.g., hyperthyroidism
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Anxiety Disorders
• Types:
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Generalized anxiety disorder
Panic disorder
Phobia disorder
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Post-traumatic stress disorder
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Somatoform Disorders
• Physical symptoms, but no organic cause
found
• Conversion
– Hysterical neurosis
• Hypochondriasis
– Abnormal anxiety about one’s body and health
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Somatoform Disorders
• Pain disorder
– Pain does not have physiologic cause
• Malingering
– False display of symptoms for financial or personal reward
• Munchausen syndrome
– Simulation of illness for no other reason than to receive
treatment
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Personality Disorders
• Types:
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Paranoid
Schizoid
Antisocial
Narcissistic
Histrionic
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Gender Identity Disorder
• Individual uncomfortable or distressed with
sexual identity
• Adults may seek hormonal or surgical
intervention for sex change
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Sexual Disorders
• Types:
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Exhibitionism
Fetishism
Transvestic fetishism
Frotteurism
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Sexual Disorders
• Types:
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Pedophilia
Sexual sadism
Sexual masochism
Voyeurism
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Sleep Disorders
• Types:
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Insomnia
Narcolepsy
Sleep apnea
Nightmare disorder
Sleep terror
Sleepwalking
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Trauma
• Grief
– Natural process of coping with loss
• Suicide
– Major concern with teenagers
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
The Older Adult
• Disorders may occur in early childhood or
later in life
• Important to distinguish if actual mental health
problem or physiologic or system-specific
disorder
• Some symptoms due to aging process or side
effects of medications
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.