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Altered states of
consciousness
Do Now 5 Questions 5 Minutes
Meditation
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Reduces stress
Enter “trance” state
Focus on some object
Mantra
deeper state of
relaxation or
awareness
• Prayer
Biofeedback
• Biofeedback is a form of alternative
medicine that involves measuring a
subject's quantifiable bodily functions such
as blood pressure, heart rate, skin
temperature, sweat gland activity, and
muscle tension, conveying the information
to the patient in real-time. This raises the
patient's awareness and conscious control
of their unconscious physiological
activities.
Hypnosis
• Hypnosis definition
– Procedure in which a researcher, clinician, or hypnotists
suggests that a person will experience changes in
sensation, perceptions, thoughts, feelings, or behaviors
• Who is susceptible?
– individuals with the remarkable ability to respond to
imaginative suggestions
– best known test: Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale
– asks individuals to carry out a series of both simple and
complex suggestions
– high scorers are usually easily hypnotized
Hypnosis
• Behaviors
– Hypnotic analgesia
• refers to a reduction in pain reported by clients
after they had undergone hypnosis and received
suggestions that reduced their anxiety and
promoted relaxation
– Posthypnotic suggestion
• given to the subject during hypnosis about
performing a particular behavior to a specific cue
when the subject comes out of hypnosis
Hypnosis
– Posthypnotic amnesia
• not remembering what happened during hypnosis
if the hypnotist suggested that, upon awakening,
the person would forget what took place during
hypnosis
– Age regression
• refers to subjects under hypnosis being asked to
regress, or return in time, to an earlier age, such
as early childhood
– Imagined perception
• refers to experiencing sensations, perceiving
stimuli, or performing behaviors that come from
one’s imagination
Hypnosis
• Medical and therapeutic applications
– Medical and dental use
• used to reduce pain through hypnotic analgesia, to
reduce fear and anxiety by helping individuals
relax, or to help patients deal with a terminal
disease by motivating them to make the best of a
difficult situation
– Therapeutic and behavioral uses
• useful in helping clients reveal their personalities,
gain insights into their lives, and arrive at solutions
to their problems
• Useful, temporarily, in cessation of smoking, weight
loss
DRUGS
Drug Tolerance
• The diminishing effect with regular dose of the same
dose.
– Must take more of same drug to produce same effect
Psychological v. Physical dependence
Withdrawal
Psychoactive Drugs
• Psychoactive Drugs: chemical
substances that alter perceptions and
mood
• Depressants: reduces neural activity
and slow body functions.
• Stimulants: excite neural activity and
arouse/speed up body functions.
• Hallucinogens: distort perceptions or
evoke sensation without sensory input.
Depressants
Alcohol
• Slows down sympathetic nervous
system.
• Disrupts memory processing (short to
long term memory).
• Impairs judgment
• Reduces self-awareness.
• Involved in up to 60% of all crimes.
• The worst drug from a macro
perspective out there.
Depressants
Barbiturates
• Tranquilizers
• Mimic the effects of
alcohol
• Taken to sleep (but reduce
REM sleep) and anxiety.
• Impair judgment and
memory
• Taken with other drugsyou can get a synergistic
effect.
Depressants
Opiates (opium)
• Heroin and
morphine
• Breathing slows,
user becomes
lethargic
• Addition comes fast
and the withdrawal
symptoms are bad
Stimulants
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Amphetamines (Speed)
Methamphetamines
Cocaine
Crack
Ecstasy
“the crash”
– Headaches
– Irritability
– Insomnia
– Hypertension
– Depression
– Fatigue
Increased heart rate
and breathing rate
Pupils dilate
Appetite diminishes
Energy and self
confidence rise
Hallucinogens
LSD (Acid)
• Can cause PTSD and
schizophrenia.
• Geometric patterns
• Hallucinations
• Delusions
• Flashbacks…trippin’
years after stop using
Hallucinogens
Marijuana
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THC
(Tetrahydrocannabinl)
Difficult to classify
Can amplify senses
Impairs motor coordination,
perceptual skills, and
reaction time
Disrupts memory formation
Chemicals stay in the body
for a month or longer
Near Death Experiences
as altered states of consciousness
• Near-death experience is a state of
consciousness reported after being close to
death. These same experiences, such as
seeing bright tunnels, are often experienced
from LSD (drug hallucination) or oxygen
deprivation.
– Out-of-body sensations
– Traveling toward the light
• Dualists interpret experiences as evidence of
human immortality
• Monists believe that such experiences parallel
reports of hallucinations and may be products of
a brain under stress
The Mouse Party
Sleep Disorder Projects
• Research information on a specific sleep disorder.
Once you have collected your information begin
creating your visual (how you plan to present this
information)
• By the end of your project you should have all
requirements that are listed on the directions and
rubric (self-check)
• After you create your presentation, practice and
review– be prepared to present to the class