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Etiology of Anxiety Disorders Chapter 4 Integrated Model of Causes of Anxiety Disorders Biological and genetic influences Social influences Psychological Influences Biological and Social Contributions to Anxiety and Panic Biological Contributions Inherit vulnerabilities for anxiety and panic, not anxiety disorders Genetic vulnerabilities to anxiety and panic different Some disorders have stronger evidence for links to specific functional brain abnormalities Stress and life circumstances activate the underlying vulnerability Social Contributions Stressful life events as triggers of biological/psychological vulnerabilities Many stressors are familial and interpersonal Psychological Contributions to Anxiety and Fear Began with Freud Anxiety is a psychic reaction to danger Anxiety involves reactivation of an infantile fear situation Behavioral Models Anxiety and fear result from direct classical and operant conditioning and modeling Cognitive Models Early experiences with uncontrollability and unpredictability (psychological vulnerability) Misinterpretation of anxiety symptoms exacerbates panic and contributes to development of anxiety Early Behavioral Models of Simple Phobias Watson’s classic studies of Little Albert Classical conditioning of fear of white rat Fear generalized quickly to many furry objects, including other animals and stuffed toys UCS (loud sound) CS (white rat) UCR (fear) CR (fear) Early Behavioral Models of Simple Phobias Conditioning theory didn’t explain avoidance behavior Mowrer proposed the “two-factor” model to explain both acquisition of fear and development of avoidance CS Classical Conditioning CR (fear) Sd Avoidance (Ra) Operant Conditioning Fear Reduction (Negative Reinforcer) Disorder Feared Stimuli (CS) Catastrophe Avoidance (Ra) Social Phobia (general) Inappropriate behavior Embarrassment, alienation Isolation OCD “Bad” thoughts Acting on thoughts Compulsive rituals GAD Uncontrollable, uncertain future Being unprepared Worry (planning, organizing, etc.) Panic Somatic sensations Death Immobility, hypervigilance PTSD Trauma reminders/cues Repeat of trauma Isolation, numbing, dissociation Integrated Model of the Development of Specific Phobia Integrated Model of Development of Panic Disorder