Download Document

HN144: Human Behavior and the Social Environment
© 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc.
Unit 5
Chapters 7 & 8
Psychological and Sociological
Development in Adolescence
1
Identity Formation
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
© 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc.
2
© 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc.
Implications of Identity Formation in Adolescence
 How to Determine Who You Are
 Importance of Achieving Identity
 The Formation of Identity
3
Communication
The nature of boys and girls communication becomes increasingly
different during adolescence.
Boys appear to talk more in terms of competitive conversation
comparing knowledge and experiences
Girls talk more about themselves, feelings, and relationships
© 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc.
Along with an improvement in thinking abilities in adolescence
comes a greater capacity for effective communication.
Friendships in adolescence
More complete friendships begin to develop
Gender differences are apparent:
Female friendships reflect more supportive
and emotional aspects
Male friendships reflect more shared interests
© 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc.
Adolescents describe friendship using terms like trust, loyalty, intimacy, and
commitment
Lesbian and Gay Adolescents: The Need for
Empowerment
6
© 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc.
Race, Culture, Ethnicity, and Identity Development
 An Alternative Model of Racial and Cultural Identity
Development
 Communities and Schools Can Strengthen Racial and
Cultural Identity Development for Adolescents
Moral Development
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
© 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc.
Critical Thinking: Evaluation of Kohlberg’s Theory
7
Major psychological hazards for adolescents
May be related to factors such as temperament or personality, deficits in moral
development, family structure and environment (divorced parents, absent fathers,
uncaring and abusive parents), and negative modeling
© 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc.
Conduct Disorder
Involve a constellation of behaviors such as:
• stealing
• bullies, threatens, or intimidates others
• fire setting
• physically cruel to animals
• truant from school before the age of 13
• running away from home
• physical assault
Delinquency
© 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc.
A lot of delinquent behavior is related to status in the peer
group
Delinquent acts are committed both with peers and for peers
When deviant behavior occurs at early ages the problem is
seen as conduct disorder
When the behaviors lead to illegal acts by juveniles the
problem is considered delinquency
Gangs
Seem to be related to the developmental need for young people to associate with peer
groups
© 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc.
Gangs often play a very important function for young people by providing social
support, bonding, and protection from rival gangs
Long term studies have found that the most important risk factor for gang membership
is growing up in a neighborhood with poverty where there is little attachment to
people and social institutions . Why???
Significant Issues and Life Events: Assertiveness and Suicide
Empowerment Through Assertiveness
© 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc.
Incidence of Suicide
Causes of Adolescent Suicide
11
Suicidal Symptoms (SAD PERSONS scale)
Sex
Age
Depression
Previous Attempts
Ethanol and Other Drug Abuse
Rational Thinking Loss
Social Supports Lacking
Organized Plan
No Spouse
Sickness
© 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc.
S
A
D
P
E
R
S
O
N
S
Guidelines for Helping Suicidal People
12
Social Development Changes in Adolescence
© 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc.
Movement from Dependence to Independence
Interaction in Peer Group Systems
Interaction in Families: Effective Communication
Between Parents and Children (Parent Effectiveness
Training)
Empowerment of Homeless Youth
13
Social Problems
Eating Disorders
© 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc.
 Anorexia Nervosa
 Bulimia Nervosa
 Compulsive Overeating
 Interrelationships Among Eating Disorders
 Causes
 Impacts of Social Forces
 Treatment
14
Depression
Do you know what the most significant factor related to
depression in girls is?
© 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc.
In childhood, up to puberty, more boys than girls are
depressed
In late adolescence the number of girls experiencing
depression is twice that of boys
Body image!!!
Why do you think that is?
© 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc.
Research shows that girls interpret their maturing bodies
negatively.
Adolescent Self-Esteem
Strategies for enhancing self concepts:
Encouraging achievement
Promoting competencies in specific areas
Providing peer and parental support
Developing coping skills
At what age should parents start working on their child’s self-esteem?
© 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc.
Self-esteem: a global evaluation of one’s self; one’s sense of selfworth; a favorable or unfavorable attitude toward the self
© 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc.
Emotional and Behavioral Problems
 Medical Model
 Major Mental Disorders According to the
American Psychiatric Association
 Interactional Model
 Assessing and Treating Unwanted Emotions:
Application of Theory to Client Situations
 Changing Unwanted Emotions
 Meaningful Activity
 Changing Self-Talk
18
Macro System Problems: Crime and Delinquency
 Self-Talk Explanation for Columbine Massacre
© 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc.
Macro System Problems: Delinquent Gangs
Empowerment through Social Work with Groups
19
© 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc.
It really depends on the child. As we know, each
child is different so we can’t use a cookie cutter
approach. Human Service Professionals must
find the method that works best for each child.
Family intervention and social-skills training
have best results reducing recidivism.