Download Psychological Disorders (Chapter 16)

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Psychological Disorders
(Chapter 16)
Third Lecture Outline:
Addiction
Schizophrenia
Child Disorders
Drug Abuse and Addiction
 Substance abuse: Maladaptive pattern that
impairs life or causes distress
 Addiction: Abuse & physiological tolerance (and
withdrawal symptoms)
 Addiction varies by culture
 Policies of abstinence leads to increase instead of
decrease in addiction
 Addiction has physiological, conditioning, and
cognitive appraisal components (e.g., placebo
effect)
Someone with schizophrenia
“Sometimes the voices are friendly; however, most often they are
cruel and taunting. Hearing voices for the first time was very scary
to me. I call my voices "superiors"; they are of demonic nature and
continuously telling me "I'm evil and worthless". They often
command me to hurt myself. I do as they say because they threaten
to kill me or bury me alive; their terror controls my behavior.”
“I also have visual hallucinations in which I see things that
apparently no one else sees. I look at people's faces and they
suddenly disintegrate or are so distorted that they appear in
horrifying form, wicked,and I see the evilness of the devil locked
within their eyes. I may look at you and project someone's else's
picture on your face; everything becomes confusing and quite
frustrating.”
Schizophrenia
 Negative symptoms: Behavior deficits
– blunting of emotions
– language deficits
– apathy and social avoidance
 Active symptoms: Behaviors present
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delusions: disordered thinking
hallucination: unusual sensory experience
disorganised incoherent speech
other bizarre behavior
Diagnositic criteria
 Adaptive functioning impaired
 Two or more of the following:
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delusions
hallucinations
disorganized or incoherent speech
grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
negative symptoms of anhedonia
 Six months of symptoms
 Rule out other disorders and drugs
Types of Schizophrenia
 Paranoid: Delusions are grandiose or
persecutory; not disorganized or catatonic, e.g.,
tin foil in attic
 Disorganized: Speech, behavior, and/or affect is
inappropriate, not catatonic
– e.g., roams the streets mumbling
 Catatonic: Motor disturbance such as catalepsy
(waxy flexibility) or frozen
 Videotape #98: Cases
Biological basis of
schizophrenia
Genetics: Schizophrenia “runs in families”
– General population rate: 1 to 2 %
– twin studies: monozygotic twins (100%
genes), 44% concordant
– dizygotic twins (50% genes) are 15%
concordant
– consaguinity studies: other relatives 5-10%
– adoption studies: twins adopted away still
have higher concordance than base rate
Brain and neurotransmitter
anomolies
 Dopamine hypothesis supported by drug effects
– Amphetamine psychosis from too much dopamine
– Parkinsonian tremors from too little: chlorapromazine
side effect
Vulnerability-Stress Model
Late teen, young adult, age of onset 18-30
Biological
Vulnerability
Stressful
Experiences
Schizophrenia
Symptoms
Examples of childhood disorders
 Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
– Innattention, impulsivity, hyperactivity
 Conduct disorders
– stealing, truancy, fighting, swearing, destructive
behavior
 Pervasive Developmental Disorder (Autism)
– communication deficts, perserveration, echolalia,
memory