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CHOICE AND CHANGE
The Psychology of Personal Growth
and
Interpersonal Relationships, 7th ed.
by
April O’Connell, Vincent O’Connell, and Ann Kuntz
Chapter 11 PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS:
Trying to Function in Dysfunctional Ways
ISBN:0131891707
Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Chapter 11 PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Explain the need for the Diagnostic Statistical Manual (DSM) as a “common
language”
2. State the reasons we do not always “blame mother” for abnormal behavior
3. Explain why it is difficult to diagnose mental mental disorders
4. Recognize the key elements of the major mental disorders
5. State how we know that anxiety disorders are environmentally determined
-and that bipolar disorder is genetic
6. Explain the value of the multiaxial evaluation that
was introduced into the DSM-IV-TR
-
7. Describe how we distinguish between transient
emotional states we all experience and severe
emotional states that need professional help
8. Describe the difference between the positive
symptoms of schizophrenia and the negative symptoms -
- -
---
9. Explain why people afflicted with
personality disorders do not go into the therapeutic situation voluntarily
Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
--
THE DSM: THE NEED FOR A COMMON LANGUAGE
By WW II, it was
becoming more
difficult for the
many mental
health
disciplines to
communicate
A TOWER OF BABEL
So in 1953. the
American
Psychiatric
Association
published the
first DSM,
similar to the
Physician’s
Desk Reference
called the PDR .
TODAY THE DSM HAS BECOME A WORLD-WIDE STANDARD.
Shown here: Reading from bottom left and then clockwise: Microbiology, physical
therapy, pharmacology, epidemiology, psychotherapy, and psychiatric nursing.
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ETIOLOGY OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
We no longer always “blame mother” because today we know:
•
Some mental disorders have a strong genetic basis
•
Penetrance factors can affect the unborn child
•
Birthing can be difficult and cause birth defects
•
Child rearing is too harsh, too lenient or too neglectful
•
Child can be abused physically or sexually
•
Criminality can be caused by school failure
•
Pollutants in our food, water, and air
•
Drugs can damage nervous system
•
Illness can trigger mental disorders
•
Destructive life styles foster mental illness
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THE MULTIAXIAL DIMENSION OF THE DSM
Prognosis and Treatment depends on many demographic variables:
•
Gender, age, ethnicity
•
Employment record
•
Financial resources
•
Social support system
•
Nutrition, physical activity, health
•
Use of alcohol, drugs, medications
•
Ethnic high risk for mental disorder
•
Involvement with the law
•
Attitude toward treatment plan
•
Poverty and homelessness
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THE RISING RATE OF ANXIETY DISORDERS
Bipolar disorder has stayed at one percent worldwide, indicating a
genetic etiology. In the last 50 years, anxiety disorders have been
constantly rising, indicating environmental etiology.
PERSONAL
The need to stay eternally slim, young, and beautiful
Staying financially secure during times of downsizing
Increasing demands to raise healthy, happy children
Our rootlessness caused by moving far from friends and family
SOCIAL
The competition to succeed and climb the career ladder
The frantic pace of modern life
The rape of the planet and extinction of life forms
Concern for people in poverty and ethnic inequality
Fear of street crime and corporate criminality
GLOBAL
The race to find energy alternatives
Concern for the increasing world garbage
Fears that world pollution is irreversible
After 9/11 concern for future terror attacks
The ever-present fear of global warfare
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POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
Positive Symptoms include:
Negative Symptoms include:
• Hallucinations
• Shallow affect
• Delusions & grandiose ideas
• Withdrawal from others
• Confused thought processes
• No constructive life plan
• Garbled speech
• Irritability
• Feelings of persecution
• Often homeless, hobos
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THE PERSONALITY DISORDERS
These people do not enter therapy voluntarily:
They blame others for their problems
Often have criminal records
Paranoid personalities
Antisocial personalities
Borderline personalities
--
--
-
They enjoy the drama of their lives
and are highly self-focused
Narcissistic personalities
Histrionic personalities
--
They have a high degree of anxiety
so withdraw from others
Paranoid personalities
They have a high degree of anxiety and
need to be in control of environment
such as watching every penny and cleaning
every speck of dirt
Obsessive-compulsive personalities
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-