Download Endocrine System

Endocrine System
Brandi Goldman, Caroline McCarthy,
Matt Schenk, Mel Ventura
Overview
• The endocrine system is composed of many
different glands that secrete hormones. These
hormones and signals are used to maintain
homeostasis and control of the body.
Parts
• Hypothalamus Gland: This gland is part of the
brain that secretes hormones that either
stimulate or suppress the release of hormones in
the pituitary gland. Additionally, it helps to
control water balance, temperature, sleep,
appetite and blood pressure
• Pineal Body: The pineal body is located
underneath the brain, and produces melatonin, a
hormone. Melatonin is an antioxidant that
regulates the body’s circadian rhythm, or sleep
cycle
Parts..
• Pituitary Gland: The pituitary gland is located
at the bottom of the brain and is the main
controlling gland. It produces many different
hormones and influences the functions of
other minor glands.
• Thymus Gland: The thymus gland is located in
the upper chest area and produces T-cells that
fight infection
Thyroid Gland
• Thyroid Gland
• Located in the neck,
with a butterfly shape
and 2 lateral lobes
• Composed of epithelial
cells
• Also have parafollicular
(C cells) which secrete
calcitonin
• Parathyroid Gland
• Is a light-colored
nodule, usually
protruding from the
surface of the thyroid
gland
• Cells are gathered in
cords and nests around
capillaries
Parts…
• Adrenal Gland: There are two adrenal glands
located at the top of the kidneys. They work
with the hypothalamus and pituitary gland
and release the hormone adrenaline.
• Kidney: There are two kidneys located in the
middle of the back, below the rib cage. They
filter blood and take out waste and excess
water. The waste and excess water then
becomes urine, and is moved to the bladder.
Parts…
• Pancreas: The pancreas is located across the back
of the abdomen. It produces many hormones
including insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin.
Additionally, it releases pancreatic juice,
containing enzymes, that help absorb nutrients,
and break down carbs, lipids and proteins.
• Ovary: A female’s ovaries are located on both
sides of the uterus, below the fallopian tubes.
Both ovaries contain eggs for reproduction, that
drop down during the menstrual cycle, and
additionally produce estrogen and progesterone.
Parts…
• Testis: A male’s testes are located in a pouch
that is suspended outside the body. They
produce testosterone and sperm.
Diabetes
• General Overview: Diabetes is a metabolic
disease, where the pancreas does not produce
enough insulin, the cells don’t respond to the
insulin, and the person has high blood sugar.
• There are a few different forms of diabetes,
including Type 1 and Type 2, as well as
Prediabetes and Gestational diabetes
Prediabetes
• Usually, prediabetes is a precursor to Type 2
diabetes. It is when a person’s blood glucose
levels are higher than normal, but not high
enough to be classified as Type 2 diabetes.
• Symptoms of prediabetes are rare, but some
include: unusual thirst, frequent urination,
blurred vision, extreme fatigue, frequent
infections, slow healing cuts and bruises,
numbness or tingling in hands or feet, and
skin, gum, or bladder infections
Prediabetes Cont..
• If you have prediabetes, you should get
checked every two years for Type 2.
Additionally, in order to prevent the
development of Type 2 diabetes, you should
lose at least 7% of your body fat, (or around
10-15 pounds) as well as exercising frequently.
These two things can lower your risk for the
development of Type 2 diabetes by an average
58%
Type 1 Diabetes
• Type 1 Diabetes, previously known as juvenile
diabetes, is most commonly diagnosed in
children and young adults
• In Type 1, the body does not produce any
insulin
• Insulin is needed to convert sugar and other
foods into energy for the body
• Symptoms: frequent urination, unusual thirst,
extreme hunger, unusual weight loss, fatigue
and irritability
Type 2 Diabetes
• Type 2 is the most common form of diabetes,
as millions of Americans are living with it
• The disease is most common in African
Americans, Native Americans, Latinos, Asian
Americans, Native Hawaiians, and other
Pacific Islanders
• There are 2 possible problems in type 2
diabetes: either the body does not produce
enough insulin, or the cells ignore the insulin
produced
Type 2 Cont..
• Symptoms: Any of the Type 1 symptoms,
frequent infections, blurred vision, slow
healing cuts and bruises, tingling/numbness in
hands or feet, recurring skin or bladder
infections
Gestational Diabetes
• Usually developed in the 24th week of
pregnancy, and affects women who have high
blood sugar during pregnancy
• Probably caused by insulin resistance, and
when the women’s body cannot make and
utilize all the necessary insulin for pregnancy
• Risks: being overweight or having gestational
diabetes prior to pregnancy
Diabetes Treatment
• Prediabetes is diagnosed using the A1C test,
FPG (fasting plasma glucose test), and OGTT
(oral glucose tolerant test)
• In order to prevent the development of Type 1
diabetes, lower your cholesterol and blood
pressure, blood sugar, eat healthy, exercise,
and abstain from smoking
Treatment Cont..
• With Type 1 Diabetes, make sure to monitor
your blood sugar levels!! You can use a meter
to test your levels, and with a finger prick, can
see your levels. You should keep a log of these
levels in order to track your progress
• Medication: diabetes pills, insulin
shots/pumps
• Daily treatment includes: reducing stress
levels, taking care of your skin, mouth, eyes,
and feet
Treatment Cont..
• For Type 2 Diabetes, much of the treatment is
the same as it is for Type 1
• Diabetes pills and insulin shots are
“combination therapy” and help insulin work
better
• 6 different types of oral medication:
sulfonylureas, meglitinides, biguanides,
thiazolidinediones, alpha-glucosidase
inhibitors, DPP-4 inhibitors
Treatment Cont..
• 2 injectable drugs: Pramlintide, Exenatide
• Pramlintide: synthetic form of amylin. With
insulin and glucagon, they maintain normal
blood glucose levels
• Exenatide: is part of a class of drugs called
incretin mimetics. Exenatide lowers blood
glucose levels by increasing insulin secretion.
• Another option is taking low dose aspirin,
which can reduce the risk of a heart attack
Endocrine Diseases
• Amenorrhoea: is absence of menstrual
periods. Besides childhood, pregnancy,
breastfeeding, and menopause , absence of
periods are due to issues in the the
reproductive system. The most common cause
of amenorrhoea is hormonal disruption.
Production of female sex hormones oestrogen
and progesterone can affect the menstrual
period if a female has reproductive disorders,
weight loss, weight gain, emotional stress, or
excessive exercise.
Endocrine Diseases Cont…
• There are two types of amenorrhea primary,
and secondary. Primary is if a female hasn’t
started by fourteen years her period and does
not have developed sexual characteristics.
Periods that haven’t started by 16 years, even
though sexual characteristics have developed
is another amenorrhea primary.
Endocrine Diseases Cont..
• Secondary amenorrhoea is when there is
pause of about six months of a female’s
period. Disorders of the hypothalamus ,
pituitary gland, or ovaries can disrupt
menstruation that causes amenorrhoea.
Endocrine Diseases Cont…
• Glucagonoma: is a tumor that consists of
alpha cells of the pancreas, that result in
overproduction of the hormone glucagon.
Alpha cell tumors are considered and
associated with glucagonoma syndrome.
There are fewer then 251 cases in the world
with glucagonoma , and have been described
since 1942 that the disease has been present.
Endocrine Diseases Cont..
• Since there are fewer cases there are no longterm survival rates known. The primary effect
of glucagonoma is the overproduction of the
peptide hormone glucagon. This enhances
blood glucose levels through the activation of
anabolic and catabolic process.
Endocrine Diseases Cont..
• Gluconegenesis produces glucose from
protein and amino acids meterials. Also
increases lipolysis which is the breakdown of
fat. Therefore the net result would be lower
blood levels of amino acids, anemia, diarrhea,
and weight loss of up too 15 kg.
Endocrine Diseases Cont..
• Necrolytic migratory eythem is known as a
class symptom observed in patients, and was
visible in 70% of cases. This can characterized
by the spread of eyrthematous blisters and
swelling areas across subject to greater
friction and pressure including lower
abdomen, buttocks,perineum, and groin.
Endocrine Diseases Cont..
• Diabetes mellitus is also presented in 80-90%
of patients because diabetes mellitus is
frequently the result from insulin and
glucagon imbalance that occurs in
glucagonoma.
• For diagnosis a blood serum glucagon
concentration of 1000 pg/ml is indicative of
glucagonoma. Hence, studies have shown
patients have plasma glucagon levels ranging
from 500 to 1000 pm/ml.
Endocrine Diseases Cont..
• Levels that are increased have been cases that
consist of renal insufficiency, hepatic diseases,
severe stress, extended fasting , and familial
hyperglucagonemia. Blood tests and skin
biopsies present the abnormally low
concentrations of amino acids, zinc, and
essential fatty acids. The tumor itself can be
found by ultrasound, and other radiographic
modalities.
Endocrine Diseases Cont..
• For treatment , heightened glucagon secretion
can be treated with the administration of
octreotide, a somaostatin analog, which
doesn’t allow the release of glucagon. Studies
show the only curative therapy for
glucagonoma is surgical resection where the
tumor is removed.