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Transcript
Energy and matter transformations in cells Warm-up Energy: • What is the source of energy for all ecosystems? • What type of molecule is made by this energy? What powers a cell? • Cells require energy to do work. • This energy is stored in molecules called “ATP”. Think of ATP as like a little battery. • ATP is used to by all cells to do work Our guiding question • The energy source for nearly all ecosystems is the sun • The energy source for nearly all cellular processes is ATP • How is energy from the sun transformed and stored in molecules of ATP to be used for cellular work? P P P Sun ATP Our guiding question • We will learn the processes that convert solar energy into other forms of energy and eventually to ATP. Some review of energy terms/concepts • Potential energy and Kinetic energy • Energy cant be created or destroyed but can be converted to other forms. • Forms of energy: – Nuclear, Mechanical, Gravitational, Heat, Electrical, Sound, Light, Chemical What are some examples of conversions between these different forms? Your cell phone is powered by energy stored in water How can you explain this? • How did you charge the battery? • Where does that electrical energy come from? • How is water used to generate the electrical energy? Apply the terms about energy correctly when explaining the answer. Your cell phone is powered by energy stored in water Dam Reservoir Generators Cell phone charger River Energy transformations from water in a reservoir to a cell phone MORE stored energy Reservoir MECHANICAL ELECTRICAL ENERGY ENERGY to turn through generators wires River LESS stored energy ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY stored in battery Sending and receiving calls; lights & ring tones How does the reservoir get “recharged”? The energy stored in the water behind the reservoir dam would run out if the water were not returned to the reservoir • How does water move from the river back into the reservoir? • What is the source of energy for this process? How does the reservoir get “recharged”? Precipitation Dam Reservoir Cell phone charger Evaporation Generators River Energy and matter conversions that power a cell phone We’ll discuss energy and matter concepts in this context and then apply them to biology. Water in the reservoir above the dam has more stored energy (potential energy) than water in the river below the dam Reservoir MORE stored energy Water in the reservoir above the dam has more stored energy (potential energy) than water in the river below the dam River LESS stored energy Water in the reservoir above the dam has more stored energy (potential energy) than water in the river below the dam MORE LESS stored energy stored energy Reservoir River Water above dam Water below dam Water cycles between different forms as energy is converted MORE stored energy INPUT ENERGY HEAT ENERGY from the sun Reservoir Evaporation & precipitation River LESS stored energy OUTPUT ENERGY MECHANICAL KINETIC ENERGY to turn generators Matter cycles as energy is transformed MORE stored energy Reservoir ELECTRICAL MECHANICAL ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL KINETIC KINETIC ENERGY ENERGY ENERGY stored to turn through in generators wires battery HEAT ENERGY from the sun River LESS stored energy Sending and receiving calls; lights & ring tones Heat energy from the sun is transformed into energy for powering a cell phone HEAT ENERGY from the sun Sending and receiving calls; lights & ring tones Conservation of matter Matter is not created or destroyed • The water does not disappear when it absorbs heat energy and evaporates, it simply changes form from liquid to gas • Heat energy does not “turn into” water, it simply allows water to change positions from the river to above the dam Matter cycles between different forms How does energy for cell phones relate to energy for living cells? The principles governing matter and energy transformations for cell phones… HEAT ENERGY …are the same for energy and matter transformations in living cells… LIGHT ENERGY …and are the same for ALL systems! ENERGY FOR CELLULAR WORK ATP and energy used by cells • Cells use energy stored in the form of a molecule called ATP • All other sources of energy must be converted and stored in molecules of ATP to be used by cells Consider the cell phone as an analogy: • Cell phones only use electrical energy stored in the battery • All other sources of energy must be converted and stored in the battery to be used by the phone ATP consists of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups. What is ATP? Adenine Adenine Phosphate groups Ribose Ribose ADENOSINE “A” PHOSPHATE “P” P ADENOSINE “A” PHOSPHATE “P” P Adenosine (A) 1 phosphate (P) “mono-phosphate” P Adenosine (A) 1 phosphate (P) “mono-phosphate” P Adenosine (A) 2 phosphates (P) “di-phosphate” P P Adenosine (A) 1 phosphate (P) “mono-phosphate” P P Adenosine (A) 2 phosphates (P) “di-phosphate” P Adenosine (A) 3 phosphates (P) “tri-phosphate” P P AMP P “mono-phosphate” P ADP P “di-phosphate” P P P ATP “tri-phosphate” Note: you do NOT need to memorize names of these molecules The molecular diagrams and names are to help you visualize the processes and help you put the concepts into a context P P ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) P Building ATP requires energy as an INPUT P P P Breaking ATP releases energy as an OUTPUT P P Kinetic energy P ATP has more stored energy (potential energy) than ADP P MORE stored energy P P ATP has more stored energy (potential energy) than ADP P P LESS stored energy P ATP has more stored energy (potential energy) than ADP MORE LESS stored energy stored energy P ATP P P P ADP P P + P MORE stored energy P P P ATP OUTPUT INPUT ENERGY FOR CELLULAR WORK CHEMICAL ENERGY ADP + P P P P LESS stored energy MORE stored energy P P P ATP OUTPUT INPUT ENERGY FOR CELLULAR WORK CHEMICAL ENERGY ADP + P P P P LESS stored energy MORE stored energy P P P ATP INPUT OUTPUT CHEMICAL ENERGY ENERGY FOR CELLULAR WORK ADP + P P P P LESS stored energy ATP cycles between ADP and ATP as chemical energy is converted into energy for cellular work P P P INPUT OUTPUT CHEMICAL ENERGY ENERGY FOR CELLULAR WORK P P P Conservation of matter Matter is not created or destroyed • The atoms do not disappear when ATP is used for cellular work, they simply break apart and rearrange into ADP and P • Chemical energy does not “turn into” ATP, it simply allows ADP and P to join together and rearrange to build ATP Matter cycles between different forms What is glucose? • Glucose is made of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms Carbon Oxygen Hydrogen Glucose What is glucose? • Plants and other producers break apart carbon dioxide and water to build glucose. Carbon dioxide Water Glucose What is glucose? • To understand the energy relationships between the different molecules, we will first focus only on the carbon atoms Carbon dioxide Water Glucose What is glucose? • A hexagon is used to represent glucose because of its shape Carbon dioxide Glucose Building glucose requires energy as an INPUT Glucose Carbon dioxide molecules Breaking glucose releases energy as an OUTPUT Kinetic energy Kinetic energy Kinetic energy Kinetic energy Kinetic energy Kinetic energy Glucose has more stored energy (potential energy) than carbon dioxide MORE stored energy Glucose has more stored energy (potential energy) than carbon dioxide LESS stored energy Glucose has more stored energy (potential energy) than carbon dioxide MORE LESS stored energy stored energy Glucose Carbon dioxide MORE stored energy Glucose INPUT OUTPUT CHEMICAL ENERGY LIGHT ENERGY Carbon dioxide LESS stored energy MORE stored energy Glucose INPUT OUTPUT CHEMICAL ENERGY LIGHT ENERGY Carbon dioxide LESS stored energy Carbon cycles between carbon dioxide and glucose as light energy is converted into chemical energy INPUT LIGHT ENERGY OUTPUT CHEMICAL ENERGY Conservation of matter Matter is not created or destroyed • The carbon atoms do not disappear when glucose is used for chemical energy, they simply break apart and rearrange into carbon dioxide • Light energy does not “turn into” glucose, it simply allows carbon atoms to join together and rearrange to build glucose Matter cycles between different forms MORE stored energy Glucose INPUT OUTPUT CHEMICAL ENERGY LIGHT ENERGY Carbon dioxide LESS stored energy MORE stored energy P P P ATP INPUT OUTPUT CHEMICAL ENERGY ENERGY FOR CELLULAR WORK ADP + P P P P LESS stored energy Matter cycles as energy is transformed P P P Glucose ATP CHEMICAL ENERGY LIGHT ENERGY ENERGY FOR CELLULAR WORK P P Carbon dioxide ADP + P P Light energy from the sun is transformed into energy for cellular work LIGHT ENERGY ENERGY FOR CELLULAR WORK
