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脑
神
经
The cranial nerves
黄绍明
广西医科大学解剖教研室
20030406
Nervous
System
Central
nervous
system
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral Cranial nerves
nervous
Spinal nerves
system
Section 2 The Cranial Nerves
There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves
which are attached to the brain.
The cranial nerves can be designated in
two way and listed as follows:
Section 2 The Cranial Nerves
I Olfactory n.
II Optic n.
Ⅲ Oculomotor n.
Ⅳ Trochlear n.
Ⅴ Trigeminal n.
Ⅵ Abducent n.
Ⅶ Facial n.
Ⅷ Vestibulocochlear n.
Ⅸ Glossopharyngeal n.
Ⅹ Vagus n.
Ⅺ Accessory n.
Ⅻ Hypoglossal n.
The cranial nerve nuclei (review)
Functional components of the
cranial nerve nuclei:
1.General somatic motor nuclei
2. Special visceral motor nuclei
3. General visceral motor nuclei
4.General and special visceral
sensory nuclei
5.General somatic sensory nuclei
6. Special somatic sensory nuclei
Cranial nerves contain seven components:
1. General and special somatic afferent (sensory) fibers
2. General and special visceral afferent (sensory) fibers
3. General somatic efferent (motor) fibers
4. General and special visceral efferent (motor) fibers
Classification of cranial nerves
According to the components and
functions , the cranial nerves are
divided into three types:
1. sensory nerves:Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅷ
(contain only sensory fibers)
2. motor nerves: Ⅲ, Ⅳ, Ⅵ, Ⅺ, Ⅻ
(contain only motor fibers）
3. mixed nerves:Ⅴ, Ⅶ, Ⅸ, Ⅹ
(contain both sensory and motor fibers)
The Superficial origins of the cranial nerves on the brain
Ⅰ Telencephalon (olfactory bulb)
Ⅱ Diencephalon (lateral geniculate body)
Ⅲ Midbrain (interpeduncular fossa )
Ⅳ Midbrain (beneath the inferior colliculus)
Ⅴ Pons (the junction between basilar part of pons and
the middle cerebellar peduncle）
Ⅵ
Ⅶ
Pons (bulbopontine sulcus)
Ⅷ
IX
Ⅹ
Medulla oblongata (behind the olive)
Ⅺ
Ⅻ Medulla oblongata (between the pyramid
and olive)
I. Olfactory nerve
Anterior
ethmoidal n.
Olfactory bulb
Olfactory n. Olfactory tract
Cribriform plate
of ethmoid bone
Nasoplatine n.
Anterior
ethmoidal n.
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Posterior nasal br.
Nasal conchae
Platine n.
Olfactory n.
II. Optic nerve
Optic n.
Optic chiasma
Optic n.
Optic chiasma
Optic tract
Ledial geniculate body
Optic radiation
III. Oculomotor nerve
Oculomotor nuclus
Accessory nuclus of
oculomotor n.
Accessory nuclus
of oculomotor n.
Supplies the levator palpebrae superioris,
medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior
rectus and inferior obliquus.
The sphincter pupillae，ciliary muscle.
Oculomotor n.
Oculomotor nuclus
Ciliary ganglion
Ciliary ganglion
The parasympathetic nerve fiber
of the oculomotor nerve
Accessory
nuclus
IV. Trochlear nerve
Trochlear nucleus
Trochlear n.
Superior orbital fissure
Superior obliquus
Superior obliquus
Trochlear n.
Trigeminal ganglion
V. Trigeminal nerve
Motor nucleus of the trigeminal n.
Potine nucleus of the trigeminal n.
spinal nucleus of the trigeminal n.
Trigeminal ganglion
The motor fibers supplies the
masticatory muscles, mylohyoid,
anterior belly of digastric, tensor veli
palatini and tensor tympani etc.
The sensory fibers distributed to the
skin of the face, the mucous
membranes of the eye, tongue, oral
cavity, nasal cavity and the paranasal
sinuses as well as the teeth, the eyeball,
the lacrimal gland and the meninges.
ophthalmic n.
Trigeminal Maxillary n.
nerve
Frontal n.
Lacrimal n.
Nasociliary n.
Infraorbital n.
Zygomatic n.
Pterygopalatine n.
Superior alveolar n.
Auriculotemporal n.
Buccal n.
Mandibular n. Lingual n.
Inferior alveolar n.
The nerves of masticatory museles
Ophthalmic n.
Maxillary n.
Mandibular n.
VI. The abducent nerve
Abducent nucleus
Abducent n.
Superior orbital fissure
Lateral rectus
Abducent n.
VII. The facial nerve
Facial nucleus
Superior salivatory
nucleus
Nucleus of the
solitary tract
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Submandibular ganglion
Geniculete ganglion
The muscles of expression
The lacrimal gland
The submandibular and sublingual
glands and small glands in the
mucous membrane of the nose and
palate.
The taste buds on the anterior
two-thirds of the tongue
The branches of the facial nerve
Braches within
the facial canal
① Chorda tympani n.
② Greater petrosal n.
① Temporal branches
Facial n.
Braches outside
the facial canal
② Zygomatic branches
③ Buccal branches
④ Marginal mandibular branch
⑤ Cervical branch
VIII. Vestibulocochlear nerve
Facial nerve
Cochlear ganglion
Cochlear n.
Vestibular ganglion
Vestibular n.
Vestibular nucleus
Cochlear nucleus
IX. Glossopharyngeal nerve
Supply or distribution:
Origination:
Nucleus ambiguus
Inferior salivatory nucleus
Otic ganglion
Inferior ganglion
Nucleus of the solitary tract
Spinal nucleus of the
trigeminal n.
Superior ganglion
The stylopharyngeus,
The parotid gland
The mucous membrane of the
phartnx, the tonsils, the middle
ear, the posterior 1/3 of the
tongue, the carotid glomus and
carotid sinus.
The skin of the posterior
surface of the auricle
The man branches of the glossophayngeal nerve
Superior ganglion
① Tympanic n.
② Carotid sinus branch
③ Lingual branches
④ Pharyngeal branches
It srises from the inferior ganglion and
enter the tympanic cavity to form the
tympanic plexus which distributed to the
mucous membrane of the middle ear.
Inferior ganglion
Parotid gland
Otic ganglion
Lesser petrosal n.
Otic ganglion
Parotid gland
Inferior salivatory
nucleus
Tympanic n.
Auriculotemporal n.
The parasympathetic preganglionic fibers arises from the Inferior
salivatory nucleus passe through the tympanic cavity and joins the
otic ganglion. The postganglionic fibers supply the parotid gland.
The man branches of the glossophayngeal nerve
Superior ganglion
① Tympanic n.
② Carotid sinus branch
③ Lingual branches
④ Pharyngeal branches
It
distributed
to
the
carotid
glomus sensory
and the
They
contain
the
taste
and
general
They supply
the mucous
membrane
of
carotid
sinus.
They
respond
to
the
changes
visceral
fibers,with
andsensory
distributed
to the the
the
pharynx
branches,
of
eithermembrane
increased carbon
dioxide tension
mucous
of
the
posterior
1/3 of
stylopharyngeus
with
motor
branch.
or
thedecreased
tongue. oxygen tension in the blood,
and to the changes of the arterial pressure
reflexly.
Inferior ganglion
Parotid gland
Otic ganglion
Lingual branches
carotid sinus branch
Supply or distribution:
Origination:
Nucleus ambiguus
Dorsal nucleus of vagus n.
Nucleus of the solitary tract
Spinal nucleus of the
trigeminal n.
X. Vagus nerve
Intramural or paramural
parasympathetic ganglia
Inferior ganglion
Superior ganglion
The striped muscle of the larynx
and the pharynx
The smooth muscles, cardiac
muscles and glands of the viscera
in the thoracic and abdominal.
The visceral of the neck, thorax
and abdomen.
The skin of the auricle and external
acoustic meatus and cerebral dura
mater.
The man branches of the vagus nerve
Branches
in the
neck：
superior laryngeal n.
cervical cardiac branches
pharyngeal branch
Branches
in the
thorax：
recurrent laryngeal n.
broncheal branches
esophageal branches
anterior gastric branches
Branches hepatic branches
in the
posterior gastric branches
abdomen：
Celiac branches
Pharyngeal branch
Superior laryngeal n.
Cervical cardiac
branches
Recurrent laryngeal n.
Broncheal branches
Esophageal branches
Hepatic branches
Celiac branches
Anterior gastric
branches
XI. Accessory nerve
Nucleus ambiguus
Accessory nucleus
Cranial root
Vagus nerve
Spinal root
Cranial root join the vagus
nerve to the muscles of the
soft palate and intrinsic
muscles of the larynx.
Spinal root supplies the
sternocleidomastoid and
trapezius.
Accessory n.
Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
Hypoglossal n.
Accessory n.
XII. Hypoglossal nerve
Hypoglossal
nucleus
Hypoglossal
nucleus
Supplies all the
extrinsic and
intrinsic muscles
of the tongue
Hypoglossal n.
The nerves supply the tongue
1. Trigeminal n. (mucous membrane of the ant. 2/3 of the tongue)
2. Facial n. (the taste buds of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue)
3. Glossopharyngeal n. (the taste buds and the mucous membrane
of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue)
4. Hypoglossal n. (lingual muscles)