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‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحیم‬
Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb
Anatomy of lower limb
Shirin Kamalgharibi
Master degree of
physiotherapy
Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb
pg 792
Surface Anatomy:
Anterior Thigh + Leg
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Palpate
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Patella
Condyles of femur
Femoral Triangle
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Sartorius (lateral)
Adductor longus (medial)
Inguinal ligament
(superior)
Femoral a + v, lymph
nodes
Surface Anatomy: Posterior Leg
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Popliteal fossa
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Boundaries
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Biceps femoris (sup-lat)
Semitendinosis +
semimembranosis (supmed)
Gastrocnemius heads (inf)
Contents
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Diamond-shape fossa
behind knee
Popliteal a + v
Calcaneal (Achilles)
tendon
‫شرمگاه ( عانه )‬
‫دانشکده فنی دکتر شریعتی‬
Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb
Bony structure of the pelvis
MAIN STRUCTURES
 Hip bone (innominate,
os coxae)--fusion of
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Ilium (“hips”)
Ischium (“rear”)
Pubis (anterior midline)
Sacrum and coccyx
Acetabulum
Femur--head, neck,
greater trochanter
Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb
HOLES
 False and true pelvis
(major, minor pelvis)
 Pelvic inlet, pelvic outlet
 Sacrotuberous ligament
 Sacrospinous ligament
 Greater, lesser sciatic
foramen
 Obturator foramen
Female
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Cavity is broad, shallow
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Pelvic inlet oval + outlet round 
Bones are lighter, thinner
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Pubic angle larger
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Coccyx more flexible, straighter 
Ischial tuberosities shorter, more 
everted
Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb
Male
Cavity is narrow, deep
Smaller inlet + outlet
Bones heavier, thicker
Pubic angle more acute
Coccyx less flexible, more curved
Ischial tuberosities longer, face
more medially
‫استخوان ران‬
Tibia/fibula
Tibia--big toe side
 Fibula--little toe side
(no pronation/supination)
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Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb
Ankle
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Talus--forms ankle
joint
Calcaneus--forms
heel
Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb
Muscles that flex thigh at hip
Originate from vertebral
column and pelvis and
pass anterior to hip joint
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Sartorius
Iliopsoas
Tensor fasciae lata
Rectus femoris
(only quad with
origin on pelvis)
Pectineus (medial
compartment)
Muscles that flex thigh at hip: individually
(
Iliopsoas
Pectineus
Tensor fascia lata
Sartorius
Rectus
femoris
Inserts on tibial
tuberosity via
patellar tendon
http://www.rad.washington.edu/academics/academic-sections/msk/muscle-atlas
high extensors
posterior)
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Gluteus maximus
Hamstrings (cross hip
and knee joints: extend
thigh & flex knee)
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Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
_______
Hamstrings
Biceps femoris
cross hip and knee joints:
extend thigh and flex knee
long head
Biceps
femoris
short head
Semitendinosus Semimembranosus
Abductors of thigh
Buttocks muscles that
lie lateral to hip joint
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Gluteus medius
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Gluteus minimus
(under medius)
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Tensor fascia lata
igh abductors
Buttocks muscles that lie
lateral to the hip joint
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Lateral rotators
Piriformis
 Also shown are other
rotators and the
gluteus muscles
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Piriformis laterally rotates
hip; also helps abduct hip if
it is flexed
Adduction of thigh
Muscles originate
medial to hip joint
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Gracilis
Adductor magnus
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Pectineus
Adductor magnus
Thigh adductors
(originate medial to hip joint)
Pectineus
Adductor brevis
Gracilis
Adductor longus
Medial thigh (obturator n.)
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Adductor muscles
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Gracilis
Adductor
• Magnus
• Longus
• brevis
Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb
Knee extensors
Quadraceps femoris –
the only extensors of
the leg (lower leg) at
the knee
Rectus femoris (only
quad with origin on
pelvis)
Rectus
femoris
 Vastus lateralis
 Vastus intermedius
 Vastus medialis
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Antagonized by hamstrings
Rectus femoris
(only quad with
origin on the
pelvis)
Quadriceps
Vastus
lateralis,
intermedius,
and
medialis
Insert: tibial
tuberosity via
_________
Anterior thigh (femoral n.)
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Sartorius (Tailor’s
muscle)
Quads (four)
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Rectus femoris
(crosses hip)
3 vastus mm.
(vast--big)
Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb
Posterior compartment
of leg
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Superficial: these
plantarflex foot
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Gastrocnemius
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Soleus
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Plantaris
Plantaris
Posterior leg
Soleus
Gastrocnemius
Posterior leg continued
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Deep
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Popliteus
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Flexor digitorum longus
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Flexor hallucis longus
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Tibilialis posterior
Deep posterior leg
Popliteus
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis
longus
Tibialis
posterior
Posterior Leg (tibial n.)
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Flexors
(plantarflexors)
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Gastrocs and
soleus
Flexor digitorum
longus
Flexor hallucus
longus
Anterior leg extensors
Mainly extend toes and
dorsiflex foot
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Tibialis anterior
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Extensor digitorum
longus
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Extensor hallucis
longus
More pics
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor
hallucis
longus
Anterior Leg (deep fibular n.)
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Extensors (dorsiflexors)
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Fibularis (peroneus)
longus
Extensor digitorum
longus
Extensor hallicus longus
Tibialis anteriorus
Lateral compartment
of leg
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Fibularis (peroneus)
longus:
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to first metatarsal
and cuneiform
Fibularis (peroneus)
brevis:
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to fifth metatarsal
38
39
40
Intrinsics of foot
Lumbar and
sacral plexus
Lumbar plexus forms
femoral n.—anterior
 Sacral plexus forms
sciatic n.--posterior
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Femoral n.
Sciatic n.
Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb
Anterior Thigh
External iliac artery
Inguinal ligament
Common femoral
artery
Profunda femoris
artery
Superficial femoral
artery
477
44
Blood
supply to
lower limb
ernal Iliac
Cranial + Caudal Gluteals= gluteals
Internal Pudendal = perineum, external
genitalia
Obturator = adductor muscles
ernal Iliac
Femoral = lower limb
• Deep femoral = adductors, hamstrings,
quadriceps
Popliteal (continuation of femoral)
• Geniculars = knee
• Anterior Tibial = ant. leg muscles, further
branches to feet
• Posterior Tibial = flexor muscles, plantar arch,
branches to toes
Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb
Medial
Anterior Ankle
Anterior tibial artery
Dorsalis pedis artry
485
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With leg out to
side like
quadruped,
lumbar-anterior,
sacral-posterior
makes sense
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Lumbar plexus
(femoral nerve)
Sacral plexus
(sciatic nerve)