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Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Unit 1
An Introduction to the
Human Body
(or is it bears???)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AdYaTa_lOf4
Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Little Known Facts About The Human Body
A human being loses an average of 40 to 100 strands of hair a day.
A cough releases an explosive charge of air that moves at speeds up to 60 mph.
Every time you lick a stamp, you're consuming 1/10 of a calorie.
A fetus acquires fingerprints at the age of three months.
A sneeze can exceed the speed of 100 mph.
According to German researchers, the risk of heart attack is higher on Monday than any
other day of the week.
An average human drinks about 16,000 gallons of water in a lifetime.
A fingernail or toenail takes about 6 months to grow from base to tip.
An average human scalp has 100,000 hairs.
It takes 17 muscles to smile and 43 to frown.
Beards are the fastest growing hairs on the human body. If the average man never
trimmed his beard, it would grow to nearly 30 feet long in his lifetime.
By age sixty, most people have lost half of their taste buds.
By the time you turn 70, your heart will have beat some two-and-a-half billion times
(figuring on an average of 70 beats per minute.)
Each square inch of human skin consists of twenty feet of blood vessels.
Every human spent about half an hour as a single cell.
Every square inch of the human body has an average of 32 million bacteria on it.
Fingernails grow faster than toenails.
Humans shed about 600,000 particles of skin every hour - about 1.5 pounds a year. By 70
years of age, an average person will have lost 105 pounds of skin.
Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Welcome to Anatomy and Physiology!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFuZ6L
PDYQc
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Discussion Topic…
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Why Study Anatomy and Physiology in HS?
Tell your partner…Why did you take this course?
A good understanding of anatomy (what's in the body) and
physiology (how it works) is the basis of all medicine. Without
knowing how the body works, how it is made up, and how it can go
wrong, we cannot even begin to design effective treatments and
interventions, including surgery or new pharmaceutical drugs.
Learning anatomy and physiology well means that you know the
basics of medicine.
Disease is deviation from the normal, and if you know the normal
structure(anatomy) and function(physiology) it is very easy to realize
where the problem is coming from.
ALL of us (and those we care about) will, sooner or later, need to
seek treatment for illness. Knowing A&P is the best insurance for
ensuring you get the best treatment possible
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Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Introduction
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You are beginning a study of the human body
You will learn how it is organized
You will learn how it functions
You will learn anatomical vocabulary so that
you can communicate in common terms with
others who study anatomy
Anatomical Vocabulary is
an international language
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BryfPYJYWa4
Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Obj. #1: How Does Structure Relate
to Function in the Human Body? (essay)
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Explain this in your own words after discussion:
Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Obj.#2: Definitions*
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Anatomy - the study of structure and the
relationship among structures of the body
Physiology - the study of the function of
body parts
Dissection - careful cutting apart of body
structures to examine them
Brain Storm: How is the body organized from Atoms on up???
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Obj.#3: Levels of Body Organization
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Chemical level - includes atoms and
molecules (two or more atoms joined
together)
Cellular level - the basic structural and
functional units of an organism
Tissue level - groups of cells and the
material surrounding them that perform a
specific function
Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Levels of Body Organization (Fig. 1.1)
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Organ level - structures that are composed
of two or more different types of tissues and
have specific functions
System level - consists of related organs
with a common function
Organismal level - any living individual, all
the parts of the body functioning together
Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Teach your neighbor the difference
between Anatomy and Physiology!
Teach your neighbor the 6 levels of body
organization!
Speculate with your neighbor, what would
the next levels of organization be once you
go beyond an individual organism???
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11 CHEMICAL
1
LEVEL
CHEMICAL
1
LEVEL
22
22 CELLULAR
LEVEL
CELLULAR
LEVEL
33 TISSUE
33
LEVEL
TISSUE
LEVEL
Smooth
Smoothmuscle
musclecell
cell
Atoms
Atoms(C,
(C,H,
H,O,
O,N,
N,P)
P)
Smooth
Smoothmuscle
muscletissue
tissue
Molecule
Molecule(DNA)
(DNA)
44 ORGAN
4
LEVEL
4
ORGAN
LEVEL
Serous
Serous
membrane
membrane
55
LEVEL
55 SYSTEM
SYSTEM
LEVEL
Esophagus
Esophagus
Liver
Liver
Stomach
Stomach
Pancreas
Pancreas
Gallbladder
Gallbladder
Small
Smallintestine
intestine
Large
Largeintestine
intestine
Stomach
Stomach
Smooth
Smoothmuscle
muscle
tissue
layers
tissue layers
Epithelial
Epithelial
tissue
tissue
Digestive
Digestivesystem
system
Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
6 ORGANISMAL LEVEL
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Obj. #4: 11(?) Systems of the Human
Body
(Be able to list 2 functions of each system we will spend most of our time on)
List as many as you can here. Brain storm with a partner!
Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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11(?) Systems Matching Activity
(see envelopes!)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0yjLJfz6saU
(Play while they do the exercise)
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Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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NOTE: Quiz 12 systems human body
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jh2-g3ftCaE
11 Systems Quiz
Give them the
concept map and
Show them the quiz!
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Obj.#5:
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Positive and Negative Feedback
Systems
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Teach your neighbor….
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What is Homeostasis? Discuss an example.
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STRESS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! – A major upset to
homeostasis
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Stress to the body includes… injury,
disease, change of temperature, noises,
odor, blood sugar or gasses, and
emotional issues. Response can be a
minor or major. ALL mess with the bodies
homeostasis.
Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Things that help with emotional stress…
1. Play hide and go seek. Alone.
2. Go out at night and lay on the ground staring up at the stars in a
way that the sky fills your entire field of vision and feel the earth
rotate and the sensation of falling up
3. Do something creative…
4. 3 words….Call of Duty!
5. Eat jello – without utensils!
6. Keep a realistic perspective…will whatever is troubling you be
important in 5 years?
7. Mess with your dog/cat – tie a sock around the middle of them.
8. Make lists and prioritize. Schedule your time.
9. Sleep more!
10. Music
11. Most importantly… just be OK with whatever it is you have in
front of you. I really believe that the more we figure out how to
enjoy the little everyday things the happier we are.
A few more ideas…
Talk in the third person, “Mr. Parson needs some nappy time”
Specify that your drive-through order is "to go".
Go to a poetry recital and ask why the poems don't rhyme.
As often as possible, skip rather than walk.
Put mosquito netting around your work area. Play a tape of jungle sounds all
day.
Five days in advance, tell your friends you can't attend their party because
you're not in the mood.
Have your coworkers address you by your “pirate name”
http://gangstaname.com/names/pirate
When the money comes out the ATM, scream "I won!", "I won!" "Third time this
week!!!!!"
Tell your family over dinner. "Due to the economy, we are going to have to let
one of you go."
Ask people what gender they are. Laugh hysterically after they answer.
Sit naked on a shelled hard-boiled egg.
Page yourself over the intercom. Don't disguise your voice.
Hide in a clothing rack and when people walk by push out one shirt and squeal
“Pick me! Pick me!”
In other words…
PLAY!
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Obj.#6: Positive and Negative
Feedback Systems preserve Homeostasis
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The functions of each body system aid in maintaining homeostasis
or internal stability. Much of physiology therefore pertains to the
regulatory mechanisms that maintain homeostasis. These regulatory
mechanisms are frequently negative feedback systems, where an
alteration is detected and the body responds with various responses
tha
Positive feedback is a self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological
change leads to even greater change in the same direction. For
example, oxytocin is secreted in small amounts at the beginning of
labor. These small amounts cause more and more oxytocin to be
released, causing uterine contractions throughout labor. Only when
the baby is expelled does the feedback system shut down. t reverse
the initial change. (Medical Therapy aids N.F)
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(Essay)
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Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Leonardo Da Vinci was one
of the first people to make
detailed drawings of
human anatomy
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J9xUL5Yi_8M
Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Leonardo Da Vinci – 1 hour Documentary
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tkPpBLp
o01w
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What is this figure commonly referred to as?
Vitruvian
Man
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Obj #7/8: Basic Anatomical
Terminology
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Anatomical position - the subject stands
upright, head level, arms at the sides with the
palms facing forward
(Why would this be important to
anatomists?)
Prone - lying face down
Supine - lying face up
Regional names - head, neck, trunk, upper
limbs, and lower limbs are still
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Anatomical Position
You will not need to know this
figure on a test
Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Show your neighbor …
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Stand up in the anatomical position and say,
“Hello! This is me in the anatomical position.
It is important because….(You finish the
statement)”
Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Directional Terms
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Words that describe the position of one body
part relative to another
Several terms can be grouped in pairs that
have opposite meanings, for example anterior (front) and posterior (back)
Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Directional Terms - examples
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Superior - towards the head; e.g., the nose
is superior to the mouth
Inferior - away from the head; e.g., the
stomach is inferior to the heart
Medial - closer to the midline; e.g., the little
finger is medial to the thumb
Lateral - farther from the midline; e.g., the
thumb is lateral to the index finger
*Anterior – front of the body
*Posterior – Back side of the body
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Directional Terms
Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Teach your neighbor what….
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Superior
Inferior
Medial
Lateral
Proximal
Distal
…are – use your hands to help!
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Terminology - Planes and Sections
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Planes - imaginary flat surfaces that pass
through the body
Sagittal plane - a vertical plane that divides
the body or organ into left and right parts
Midsagittal (median) plane - divides the
body or organ into equal left and right parts
Frontal plane - divides the body or organ
into front and back portions
Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Obj #9: Planes and Sections
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Transverse plane - divides the body or organ
into upper and lower portions, also called crosssectional or horizontal plane
Oblique plane - passes through the body or
organ at an angle
Section - one flat surface of a three-dimensional
structure or a cut along a plane
*Abduction – To move away from the Sagittal
plane
*Adduction – To move toward the Sagittal plane
Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Planes through the Human Body
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Planes and Sections (Fig. 1.4)
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Draw all of the following…
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Homeostasis
Positive and negative feedback system
Anatomical position
Prone
Supine
Superior
Inferior
Medial
Lateral
Proximal
Distal
Midline
Planes
Sagittal Plane
Frontal Plane
Transverse Plane
Oblique Plane
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Section
Abduction
Adduction
Cranial Cavity
Vertebral Cavity
Thoracic Cavity
Abdominal Cavity
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Diaphragm
Viscera
Pericardial Cavity
Pleural Cavity
Mediastinum
Pelvic Cavity
Anterior
Posterior
Mr. Freze
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Body Cavities
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Two major cavities, housing the brain and spinal
cord, are the cranial cavity and the vertebral
(spinal) canal
The two major cavities in the trunk are the thoracic
cavity (superior) and the abdominopelvic cavity
(inferior), separated by the diaphragm
Viscera - the organs located inside the thoracic and
abdominopelvic cavities
The thoracic cavity has three smaller cavities - the
pericardial cavity and two pleural cavities
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Obj. #10: Body Regions/Cavities
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Spaces within the body that help protect,
separate, and support internal organs
Bones, muscles and ligaments separate body
cavities from each other
Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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More Body Cavities…
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Mediastinum - central part of the thoracic
cavity, located between the lungs
Abdominal cavity - contains the stomach,
spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and
most of the large intestine
Pelvic cavity - contains the urinary bladder,
parts of the large intestine, and internal
organs of reproduction
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Body Cavities (Fig. 1.7a)
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Body Cavities (Fig. 1.7b)
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Show your neighbor on your own
body where this stuff is…
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cranial cavity and the vertebral (spinal)
canal
thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic
cavity and diaphragm
pericardial cavity and two pleural
cavities
Mediastinum
Abdominal
Pelvic cavity
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Abdominopelvic Regions and
Quadrants
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There are 9 abdominopelvic regions
There are two horizontal lines - the top one,
subcostal line, drawn inferior to the rib cage
Bottom horizontal line (transtubercular line)
drawn just inferior to the tops of the hip bones
The two vertical lines are called the left and
right midclavicular lines, drawn through the
midpoints of the clavicles
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Abdominopelvic Regions (Fig. 1.8)
Names of the 9
abdominopelvic
regions
Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants
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The four quadrants are formed by drawing
two lines, one vertically and one horizontally
through the umbilicus
-Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
-Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
-Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
-Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Make a clay figure in the anatomical
position…
Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Activity – Body planes and sections
Make a human-like figure out of play dough with a head, trunk, arms and legs,
hands and feet. Be sure to name your figure. Make sure the figure is in the
anatomical position. Place your pins in the following positions below. Have
the old dude come around and grade your work when you finish.
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Pin A – Along the midline in the most superior area of the thoracic cavity
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Pin B – 2 cm left lateral to pin A
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Pin C – The most proximal area of the left arm
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Pin D – In the cranial area along the midline as superior on the cranium as
possible
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Pin E – The most distal area of the right leg
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Pin F – 2 cm inferior to pin B
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Pin G – 1 cm medial to pin F
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Pin H – 3 cm superior to pin G
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Pin I - LLQ
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Pin J – RLQ
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Pin K - RUQ
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Pin L – LUQ
Now do the activity below…
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Make the following sections/drawings on your figure in the
following ways…
1. Section your figure’s head along the Midsagittal plane
2. Section the right arm along an Frontal Plane
3. Section the left arm along an Oblique Plane
4. Section your figure along a right Parasagital Plane of the torso
5. Section the left leg along a Transverse Plane
6. Draw an outline of the following cavities: Pericardial, left and right
pleural, Mediastinum, Abdominal, and Pelvic
7. Draw the subcostal line, transtubercular line, and left and right
midclavicular lines on your model. Pin each one and label it.
8. Pin a label on each of the following regions: Epigastric,
Hypogastric, Umbilical, Left and right lumbar, Left and right
hypochondriac, Left and right Inguinal
Leave the figure as it is and have the old dude come by and
give you a grade again. Feel free to wander about and look at
the work others have done!
Dude! I have a
percutaneous body
causing pyrodermatitis
in my inferior left
plantar extremity
Obj.#11:
Development and
use of anatomical
terminology
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=07v53fC
RzOQ
Here are some tips on understanding medical/anatomical
terminology TIP #1 - Most medical terms contain two or more of these
parts:
Root(s) - the word's essential meaning; a term may have two
roots
Prefix - added to the beginning of a root word to make it more
specific
Suffix - added to the end of the root word for specificity
Linking or combining vowels - placed in between word parts
to help with pronunciation
For example…
Myocarditis - myo/card/itis
Myo = muscle (root), card = heart (root) and itis =
inflammation (suffix) or inflammation of the heart muscle.
There are two roots, muscle and heart.
Percutaneous - per/cutan/eous
Per = through (prefix), cutan = skin (root) and -eous =
pertaining to (suffix); meaning something through the skin.
Suprascapular - supra/scapular
Supra = above (prefix), scapula = shoulder blade (root), and
-r = relative to (suffix); relative to the area above the
shoulder blade
TIP #2 - The definitions of root words, prefixes and suffixes remain
the same when they are combined to produce different terms.
Here are three examples: A. The root word for skin is derm. Its
combining forms are derma-, dermat-, dermot-, ;and dermo- . Look at
some medical terms utilizing this root.
Dermatitis - Dermat (root) and -itis (suffix) inflammation; condition of
inflamed skin.
Dermatology - Dermat (root) and -ology (suffix) branch of knowledge
or science; medical specialty of diagnosis and treatment of skin
diseases.
Pyoderma - Pyo (root) combining form of the word for pus and derma;
skin infection involving pus formation.
B. Card is the root for heart. Cardiovascular - means pertaining to the
heart and vessels.
Cardiocentesis - surgical puncture of the heart.
Cardiology - as in Example A above, the
definition here is the study of the heart and its
functions.
The root for blood is hem. Hemorrhage - the
suffix -rrhage means bursting forth; hemorrhage
is the escape of blood from tissue.
Hemostasis - adding the suffix -stasis (arrest in a
process) gives us the process by which bleeding
is stopped.
TIP # 3. Similarly, prefixes and suffixes are defined the same when
combined with various roots. They are never used alone, but
further define root words.
Here are some common prefixes in medical terminology:
Auto = self; for example, autoimmune or autogenous
Anti = against; antisepsis or antibodies
De = reverse, remove; dehydrate, defibrillate
Dys = abnormal, difficult; dyspnea, dysuria
Contra = opposed; for example, contraception,
contraindication
Hyper = above, excessive; hypertensive, hyperglycemia
Rhino - Nose
Myo – Muscle
Hemo - blood
Cephal – head/cranium
Retro – back of
Phlebo – vein or venous blood
Leukocyte – white blood cell
Tip #4 - Suffixes attach to the end of roots and
describe certain actions, such as these surgical
suffixes -ectomy = surgical removal; thyroidectomy
-plasty = surgical repair; angioplasty
-toma = grouping of tissue sometimes as a
tumor or clott
-stomy = creation of a new opening;
colonostomy
-lgia = pain
-rhea = fluid/excess fluid
-Pharengeal =inner throat area
-otomy = to remove
-cytosis = increased cell count
…or these suffixes for procedures or equipment -graph = recording instrument;
electrocardiograph
-scope = instrument to examine visually;
endoscope
-therapy = course of treatment; chemotherapy
To understand a medical term, break it down into its
component parts - root(s), prefix, suffix and combining
vowels.
Remember that the basic definition of a word part
remains the same when combined with various
components.
Mr. Freze is feeling terrible. He has myalgias, cephalalgia, and rhinorrhea. He
goes to the emergency room, where a doctor examines his retropharyngeal
area and does a phlebotomy (causing a hematoma) for tests. The tests
show increased leukocytosis.
Explain:
a. What were Mr. Freze’s symptom’s?
b. What did the doctor examine? What did the doctor do to Mr. Freze?
c. What did the test show?
d. What do you think is wrong with Mr. Freze?
Now it’s your turn! Pretend you and a partner are a doctors and…
1.
Describe 4 symptoms a patient of yours is exhibiting. Use the medical
terminology we have learned. It is OK to have fun with the terms and just
mix and match them as you like.
2.
Describe 3 tests you did on your patient using medical terminology
3.
Describe in more common language what was wrong and what you did
4.
Be ready to read this to the class and have your partner act it out !
HAND OUT VOCAB LIST!
Study Tips…
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Study for a test several times
Have a partner quiz you over your notes
Re-write your notes and color code them
Teach the information to someone
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On the test itself…
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Skip the stuff you don’t know and then…
Go back and answer EVERYTHING!
On an essay if you don’t know what to write at least use the term
you see in the question/in the test
Be neat
Use the “+” “-” “o” method on Multiple choice
When all else fails answer “C”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjiLa7jWCv8
Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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