Download Anatomical Terms and Reference Points

Anatomical Terms and
Reference Points
Mr. Frey
Athletic Training
Terms #1 worksheet
Why do we use these terms?

Medical language
 Common language
and way of describing
the body between
medical professionals
Anatomical position

Anatomical Starting
point
 Unless another
position is specifically
mentioned
Planes of the body
Sagital Plane – invisible line that divides the
body into equal right and left halves
 Transverse (horizontal) Plane – Invisible line
that divides the body into equal top and bottom
halves
 Coronal (frontal) Plane – Invisible line that
divides the body into equal front and back
halves
 Center of gravity - exists at the intersection of
all three planes

The Planes of the body
Flexion / Extension

Flexion - Decreasing
the angle of a joint

Extension
Increasing the angle
of a joint
Supination / Pronation

Supination – Turning
the palms upward

Pronation – Turning
the palms downward
Circumduction

Moving an
appendage in a cone
like motion
Adduction / Abduction

Add vs. Abb

A B duction

Adduction - to move a
body part closer to the
Sagital Plane

Abduction – to move a
body part away from the
Sagital Plane

Jumping Jacks
Horizontal Abb and Adduction

Moving a limb either
toward or away from
the Sagital Plane
while the limb
remains parallel to the
transverse Plane
Medial
 Closer
to the Sagital Plane
 The “inside”
 Usually used to refer to a location of
something on the body

The athlete presents with a bruise on the
lateral side of the thigh
Lateral
 Further
away from the Sagital Plane
 The “outside”
 Usually used to refer to a location of
something on the body

The player was weight bearing and was
struck in the lateral side of the knee
Proximal
 Something
that is closer to the middle of
the body or something is closer to the
middle of the body than something else
 “closer”
 Proximal – sounds like proximity
 Proximal IP Joint
 The fracture occurred in the distal 1/3 of
the Femur
Distal
 Something
that is further from the middle
of the body or something is further from
the middle of the body than something
else
 “further away ”
 Distal – sounds like distance
 Proximal Interphalangeal Joint
 The fracture occurred in the distal 1/3 of
the Femur
Anatomical Reference Points
Inversion / Eversion

Inversion – turning
the sole of the foot
inward


One of the most
common
mechanisms for
injury in sports
Eversion - turning
the sole of the foot
outward
Dorsiflexion / Plantarflexion

Only occurs at the
ankle
 Plantarflexion –
pointing the toes/foot
downward


“plant” you foot
Dorsiflexion – pulling
the toes/foot upwards
Acute Injuries

Occur suddenly during activity
 “Mack truck syndrome”
 Sprains, Sprains, Fracture, Contusions, etc.
 Sings and symptoms can include:







sudden, severe pain
swelling
inability to place weight on a lower limb
extreme tenderness in an upper limb
inability to move a joint through full range of motion
extreme limb weakness
visible dislocation / break of a bone
Chronic Injuries





Injuries that occur over time
Usually result from overusing one area of the
body while playing a sport or exercising over
a long period
“itis”
Tendonitis, bursitis, arthritis, shin splints,
stress fractures
Signs and symptoms may include
• pain when performing activities
• a dull ache when at rest
• swelling
Inferior / Superior
 Inferior


– Below or bottom
The laceration is on the inferior part of the foot
The athlete was struck 3 inches inferior to the
patella
 Superior

– Above or top
The athlete mad contact with the superior
aspect of his helmet
Anterior

You may also use
ventral
 Front or in front of


Something could be
anterior to something
else
Could be an anterior
view of something
• A view from the front
Posterior

Could also use dorsal


Dorsal fin
Back or behind
something


Something could be
posterior to something
else
Could be a posterior
view of something
• A view from the back
Sprain

Stretch or tear of
a ligament
 Ligament
connect bone to
bone
 Usually due to
forced excessive
movements
Strain
 Stretch
or tear of a muscle or tendon
 Muscle – contractile fiber that produces
movement
 Tendon – connect bone to muscle
 Usually occurs due to muscular imbalance
or inflexibility
 “pulled” muscle
Grading system for Sprains and
Strains
 Grade

1 – overstretch
Microtears
2 – partial tear
 Grade 3 – complete tear
 Grade

rutpure
Dislocation / Subluxation
 Dislocation-
bone comes out of the joint
and stays out

Bodies response to the dislocation may make
the injury worse
– bone comes out of the joint
but the body reduced the joint itself
 Subluxation

“pops out but pops right back in”
Closed Chain vs. Open Chain
Chain Position – Feet are always
in contact with the ground
 Closed


Bike, elliptical trainer, cross-country skiing
Compression forces = GOOD!
Chain Position – feet come off of the
ground
 Open


Running / jogging
Shearing forces = BAD!
Gliding joint

Two flat surfaces that
glide over one
another

Tarsals and carpals
Hinge Joint

Allows movement in
one plane only
 Uniaxial
 IP joints, ulnohumeral
joint (elbow)
Pivot Joint

Allow one movement
(rotation, pronation,
supination)
 Radius rotates on
ulna to allow
pronation and
supination
Condylar joint

Allows one primary
movement with small
amounts of
movement in another
plane
 Knee joint,
Tempromandibular
joint
Ellipsoid Joint

Allows movement in
two planes
 Biaxial
 Interphalangeal joints
Saddle Joint

Found in the thumb


Carpometacarpal joint
Allows two plane of
movement
The Ball and Socket Joint

Allows movement in
three planes
 Hip and shoulder