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Joint Action FLEXION: movement that shortens the angle between two bones, reducing the angle at a joint. EXTENSION: movement that increases the angle between two bones. ABDUCTION: moving away from the midline of the body. For example, moving the arms and legs away from the trunk in a sideways motion. ADDUCTION: moving toward the midline of the body. For example, moving the arms or legs toward the trunk in a sideways motion. PRONATION: medial rotation of the forearm, with the palm in a downward position so the radius lies diagonally across the ulna. SUPINATION: the lateral rotation of the forearm, bringing the palm of the hand upward. In this position, the radius and ulna are parallel. ELEVATION: upward movement of the shoulder girdle. DEPRESSION: downward movement of the shoulder girdle. ROTATION: medial or lateral movement around an axis. CIRCUMDUCTION: circular movements at a joint. DORSIFLEXION: movement that brings the top of the foot toward the shin. PLANTARFLEXION: movement that brings the sole of the foot downwards (as in pointing the toes).) EVERSION: turning the sole of the foot outward where the weight is taken on the inside of the foot. INVERSION: turning the sole of the foot inwards where the weight is taken on the outside of the foot. PLANES TRANSVERSE PLANE (HORIZONTAL PLANE): divides the body into upper and lower portions. FRONTAL PLANE: divides the body into front and back. (Abduction & Adduction occur in this plane.) SAGITTAL PLANE: divides the body into right and left. (Flexion & Extension occur within the sagittal plane). (Paul Batman- Exercise analysis made simple)