Download Anatomy & Physiology

Anatomy & Physiology
The Human Body: An Orientation
Introduction:

Anatomy: the study of structure and
shape of the body (and its parts) and
their relationship to each other.

Physiology: (physio= nature; ology= study
of) the study of the function of the
body and its parts.

These compliment each other and allow
us to study the body’s structures and
functions.
Levels of Structural Organization
(of Humans):
Atoms (building
blocks of matter;
combine to make
molecules)
 Cells (smallest unit
of life)
 Tissues (groups of
similar cells
performing a
common function)

Organs (groups of
tissues working
together for a
specific function)
 Organ Systems
(groups of organs
working
collectively for a
greater good)
 Organism

Levels of Structural Organization
(of Humans):
http://www.google.com/imgres?q=levels+of+structural+organization&hl=en&sa=X&qscrl=1&nord=1&rlz=1T4ADSA_enUS406US407&biw=1366&bih=613&tbm=isch&prmd=i
mvns&tbnid=P4lM9cOAzch8NM:&imgrefurl=http://webs.ashlandctc.org/mflath/
Organ System Overview:

Integumentary System: skin; provides
protection, waterproofing, and
cushioning; excretes waste; regulates
temperate; contains temperature, pain &
pressure receptors.
http://www.google.com/imgres?q=skin&hl=en&sa=X&qscrl=1&nord=1&rlz=1T4ADSA_enUS406US407&biw=1366&bih=613&tbm=isch
&prmd=imvnsbl&tbnid=hfmWyx2vzLbDKM:&imgrefurl=http://www.americanskin.org/

Skeletal System:
bones, cartilage,
ligaments, & joints.
Provides
framework and
supports body;
with muscles,
allows movement;
protects organs;
forms blood cells;
stores minerals
http://www.google.com/imgres?q=skeletal+system

Muscular System:
Muscles.
Movement and
transport
substances
throughout the
body
http://www.google.com/imgres

Nervous System:
Brain, spinal cord,
nerves, &
receptors.
Respond to
stimuli and
activate
muscles or
glands.
http://www.google.com/imgres

http://www.google.com/imgres
Endocrine System:
Glands (pituitary,
thyroid, parathyroid,
adrenals, pancreas,
thymus, ovaries,
testes, & pineal) and
hormones. Regulate
bodily functions
such as growth,
metabolism, and
reproduction.

Cardiovascular System: Heart & blood
vessels. Transports fluid, oxygen, and
waste throughout the body.
http://www.google.com/imgres

Lymphatic System:
Lymph Nodes,
Lymph Vessels,
Tonsils, Thymus,
Appendix, &
Spleen. Clean
blood of
impurities; help
with immunity.
http://www.google.com/imgres

http://www.google.com/imgres
Respiratory System:
Nasal passages 
pharynx  larynx
 trachea 
bronchi  lungs.
Functions in gas
exchange.

Digestive System:
Mouth  esophagus
 stomach  small
then large intestine
 rectum;
accessory organs
include liver,
gallbladder, and
pancreas. Functions
in breaking down
food into nutrients
for the absorption
into the blood.
http://www.google.com/imgres

http://www.google.com/imgres
Urinary System:
Kidneys, ureters,
bladder, & urethra.
Functions in
filtering
nitrogenous waste
from the blood
(creates urea),
maintains body’s
water and salt
balance, regulates
body’s blood
pressure, and acidbase balance.

Reproductive
System: Function is
to produce
offspring. Male
includes testis,
penis, and duct
system; female
includes ovaries,
uterus, and duct
system.
http://www.google.com/imgres
Maintaining Life:
There are 8 characteristics that maintain,
or enable, life.

Maintaining boundaries: separation of
life from outside environment (from a
cell membrane to skin)

Movement: internal & external

Responsiveness: sense the environment
and react to it accordingly

Digestion: break down food

Metabolism: all chemical reactions
within the body: decomposition
(break down) and synthesis (build
up)

Excretion: removal of wastes

Reproduction: produce more like self
(this can occur on the cellular level
for growth, maintenance, and repair)

Growth: increase in size
Survival Needs:
There are 5 survival needs, or requirements for
life:

Nutrients: food

Oxygen: needed to break down food (releases
energy from food)

Water: transports, regulates, & needed for
chemical reactions (most abundant chemical
in our bodies)

Normal Body Temperature: determines rate of
reactions

Atmospheric Pressure: force exerted on body by
weight of air (enables gas exchange)
Homeostasis:

Homeostasis is the body’s ability to
maintain a stable internal
environment (temp., bp).

Homeo = same; stasis = stand still

There are 2 types of control: Negative
& Positive Feedback Mechanisms.
http://www.google.com/imgres
The Language of Anatomy:

Superior: above, or
toward the head
(cranial)

Inferior: below, or
away from the head
(caudal)

Ventral: front of the
body (anterior)

Dorsal: backside
(behind) of the body
(posterior)

Medial: middle

Lateral: outer side of
body
Proximal: close to the
origin point of
attachment to a limb


Distal: farther from
the point of
attachment to a limb

Superficial: surface
Body Planes & Sections:

Sagittal Section:
cutting the body
lengthwise

Median
(midsagittal)
Section: sagittal
section that is
equal

Frontal Section:
cutting the body
into anterior and
posterior parts.

Transverse Section:
(a.k.a. cross section)
cutting the body
into superior &
inferior sections
Median:
Frontal:
http://www.google.com/imgres
Transverse:
Body Cavities:

Dorsal Cavity:
◦ Cranial Cavity: skull & brain
◦ Spinal Cavity: spinal cord & backbone (vertebrate)

Ventral Cavity:
◦ Thoracic Cavity: upper part of trunk
◦ Abdominopelvic Cavity: lower trunk

The ventral cavity is separated by the diaphragm
(thin muscle).
http://www.google.com/imgres?
Ventral Cavity:
Thoracic Cavity:


The mediastinum
separates the left
& right sides
(separates the
lungs).
The viscera: lungs,
heart, espohagus,
trachea, & thymus
gland (all except
lungs are w/in
mediastinum).
Abdominopelvic
Cavity:

This is from the
diaphragm to the
pelvic floor.
Contains 2 cavities:

Abdominal Cavity
(below diaphragm):
viscera: stomach, liver,
spleen, kidneys, gall
bladder, and small &
large intestines
(majority)

Pelvic Cavity (above
diaphragm): viscera:
large intestines
(lower end), bladder,
& reproductive
organs
http://www.google.com/imgres?
Other Body Cavities:
http://www.google.com/imgres?
Nasal Cavity: nose, nasal
septum & sinuses (frontal &
sphenoidal)
Oral & Digestive Cavities:
teeth & tongue
http://www.google.com/imgres?
Orbital Cavities: eyes, eye
muscles, & nerves
http://www.google.com/imgres?
Middle Ear Cavities:
middle ear bones
http://www.google.com/imgres?
This slide show was developed by Dana
Halloran,
Cardinal Mooney High School, Sarasota, FL.
Used with her personal permission,
adapted and amended by Rosa Whiting,
Manatee School for the Arts, Palmetto, FL.